CPC Domain 14 (UK) (Face B) (1992) [DISCMAG].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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006BB0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
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007400: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 49 4C 45 FILE
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007450: 20 20 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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011EB0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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011EE0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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012620: 20 54 68 65 20 61 6C 74 65 72 6E 61 74 69 76 65 The alternative
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0126F0: 3B 43 48 52 24 28 31 32 37 29 3B 43 48 52 24 28 ;CHR$(127);CHR$(
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024DB0: 48 6F 77 61 72 64 2C 20 31 30 20 4F 76 65 72 74 Howard, 10 Overt
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025830: 41 6C 61 6E 20 48 61 69 72 65 20 6F 6E 20 30 35 Alan Haire on 05
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025850: 46 4F 52 20 20 53 41 4C 45 3A 20 20 41 6D 73 74 FOR SALE: Amst
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028B90: 20 61 6E 64 20 73 69 6E 67 6C 65 2D 0D 0A 6C 65 and single-..le
028BA0: 74 74 65 72 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6C 65 20 6E 61 tter variable na
028BB0: 6D 65 73 2E 20 42 79 20 74 68 69 73 20 74 69 6D mes. By this tim
028BC0: 65 20 79 6F 75 20 20 73 68 6F 75 6C 64 20 20 62 e you should b
028BD0: 65 20 20 61 77 61 72 65 20 6F 66 20 74 68 65 20 e aware of the
028BE0: 63 6F 64 65 20 74 6F 20 73 77 61 70 20 32 0D 0A code to swap 2..
028BF0: 72 65 63 6F 72 64 73 20 73 6F 20 49 20 77 6F 6E records so I won
028C00: 27 74 20 67 69 76 65 20 61 6E 79 20 52 45 4D 27 't give any REM'
028C10: 73 20 74 6F 20 74 68 69 73 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 s to this effect
028C20: 20 69 6E 20 74 68 65 20 6C 69 73 74 69 6E 67 73 in the listings
028C30: 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 54 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 49 27 76 .....The way I'v
028C40: 65 20 70 72 65 73 65 6E 74 65 64 20 50 72 6F 67 e presented Prog
028C50: 20 42 34 20 69 73 20 74 6F 20 74 72 79 20 20 74 B4 is to try t
028C60: 6F 20 6D 61 6B 65 20 69 74 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 72 o make it more r
028C70: 65 61 64 61 62 6C 65 20 74 6F 20 6E 6F 76 69 63 eadable to novic
028C80: 65 73 20 62 79 0D 0A 73 70 6C 69 74 74 69 6E 67 es by..splitting
028C90: 20 74 68 65 20 63 6F 64 69 6E 67 20 66 6F 72 20 the coding for
028CA0: 74 68 65 20 66 6F 72 77 61 72 64 20 61 6E 64 20 the forward and
028CB0: 62 61 63 6B 77 61 72 64 20 73 63 61 6E 73 20 77 backward scans w
028CC0: 68 65 6E 20 64 6F 69 6E 67 20 61 20 22 64 65 73 hen doing a "des
028CD0: 6B 20 72 75 6E 22 2C 0D 0A 28 61 6E 64 20 69 66 k run",..(and if
028CE0: 20 79 6F 75 20 61 72 65 6E 27 74 2C 20 77 68 79 you aren't, why
028CF0: 20 6E 6F 74 20 21 3F 29 2E 20 54 68 61 74 27 73 not !?). That's
028D00: 20 20 6A 75 73 74 20 69 6E 20 63 61 73 65 20 61 just in case a
028D10: 6E 79 20 65 78 70 65 72 74 73 20 74 68 69 6E 6B ny experts think
028D20: 20 74 68 65 20 63 6F 64 65 0D 0A 69 73 20 74 6F the code..is to
028D30: 6F 20 6C 6F 6E 67 2C 20 28 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 o long, (which i
028D40: 74 20 69 73 2E 29 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 50 52 t is.)........PR
028D50: 4F 47 52 41 4D 20 42 34 2E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 OGRAM B4.
028D60: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 20 3D R =
028D70: 20 35 37 20 6D 69 6E 73 2E 20 20 4E 20 3D 20 33 57 mins. N = 3
028D80: 20 6D 69 6E 73 2E 0D 0A 20 20 31 20 52 45 4D 20 mins... 1 REM
028D90: 53 68 61 6B 65 72 20 53 6F 72 74 0D 0A 20 20 32 Shaker Sort.. 2
028DA0: 20 44 45 46 49 4E 54 20 61 2D 7A 20 3A 20 6E 3D DEFINT a-z : n=
028DB0: 36 20 3A 20 44 49 4D 20 72 24 28 6E 29 0D 0A 20 6 : DIM r$(n)..
028DC0: 20 33 20 72 24 28 31 29 3D 22 4B 22 3A 72 24 28 3 r$(1)="K":r$(
028DD0: 32 29 3D 22 42 22 3A 72 24 28 33 29 3D 22 43 22 2)="B":r$(3)="C"
028DE0: 3A 72 24 28 34 29 3D 22 48 22 3A 72 24 28 35 29 :r$(4)="H":r$(5)
028DF0: 3D 22 41 22 3A 72 24 28 36 29 3D 22 4C 22 0D 0A ="A":r$(6)="L"..
028E00: 20 20 35 20 74 6F 70 3D 31 20 3A 20 62 6F 74 74 5 top=1 : bott
028E10: 6F 6D 3D 6E 0D 0A 20 31 30 20 46 4F 52 20 70 61 om=n.. 10 FOR pa
028E20: 73 73 3D 31 20 54 4F 20 6E 2D 31 0D 0A 20 31 35 ss=1 TO n-1.. 15
028E30: 20 20 20 73 77 3D 30 20 3A 20 46 4F 52 20 6A 3D sw=0 : FOR j=
028E40: 74 6F 70 20 54 4F 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 2D 31 20 top TO bottom-1
028E50: 3A 20 52 45 4D 20 3C 2D 2D 2D 20 66 6F 72 77 61 : REM <--- forwa
028E60: 72 64 20 73 63 61 6E 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D 0A 20 rd scan *****..
028E70: 32 30 20 20 20 20 49 46 20 72 24 28 6A 29 20 3E 20 IF r$(j) >
028E80: 20 72 24 28 6A 2B 31 29 20 54 48 45 4E 20 73 77 r$(j+1) THEN sw
028E90: 3D 6A 20 3A 20 74 24 3D 72 24 28 6A 29 20 3A 20 =j : t$=r$(j) :
028EA0: 72 24 28 6A 29 3D 72 24 28 6A 2B 31 29 20 3A 20 r$(j)=r$(j+1) :
028EB0: 72 24 28 6A 2B 31 29 3D 74 24 0D 0A 20 32 35 20 r$(j+1)=t$.. 25
028EC0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4E 45 58 54 20 6A 20 NEXT j
028ED0: 3A 20 49 46 20 73 77 3D 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 70 : IF sw=0 THEN p
028EE0: 61 73 73 3D 6E 20 3A 20 47 4F 54 4F 20 36 35 0D ass=n : GOTO 65.
028EF0: 0A 20 33 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D . 30 bottom
028F00: 3D 73 77 0D 0A 20 33 35 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 46 =sw.. 35 IF
028F10: 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 20 3C 20 74 6F 70 20 54 48 bottom < top TH
028F20: 45 4E 20 70 61 73 73 3D 6E 20 3A 20 47 4F 54 4F EN pass=n : GOTO
028F30: 20 36 35 0D 0A 20 34 30 20 20 20 73 77 3D 30 20 65.. 40 sw=0
028F40: 3A 20 46 4F 52 20 6A 3D 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 2D 31 : FOR j=bottom-1
028F50: 20 54 4F 20 74 6F 70 20 53 54 45 50 20 2D 31 20 TO top STEP -1
028F60: 3A 20 52 45 4D 20 3C 2D 2D 2D 20 62 61 63 6B 77 : REM <--- backw
028F70: 61 72 64 20 73 63 61 6E 20 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 0D 0A ard scan *****..
028F80: 20 34 35 20 20 20 20 49 46 20 72 24 28 6A 29 20 45 IF r$(j)
028F90: 3E 20 72 24 28 6A 2B 31 29 20 54 48 45 4E 20 73 > r$(j+1) THEN s
028FA0: 77 3D 6A 20 3A 20 74 24 3D 72 24 28 6A 29 20 3A w=j : t$=r$(j) :
028FB0: 20 72 24 28 6A 29 3D 72 24 28 6A 2B 31 29 20 3A r$(j)=r$(j+1) :
028FC0: 20 72 24 28 6A 2B 31 29 3D 74 24 0D 0A 20 35 30 r$(j+1)=t$.. 50
028FD0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4E 45 58 54 20 6A NEXT j
028FE0: 20 3A 20 49 46 20 73 77 3D 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 : IF sw=0 THEN
028FF0: 70 61 73 73 3D 6E 20 3A 20 47 4F 54 4F 20 36 35 pass=n : GOTO 65
029000: 0D 0A 20 35 35 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 6F 70 3D 73 .. 55 top=s
029010: 77 2B 31 0D 0A 20 36 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 46 w+1.. 60 IF
029020: 20 74 6F 70 20 3E 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 20 54 48 top > bottom TH
029030: 45 4E 20 70 61 73 73 3D 6E 0D 0A 20 36 35 20 4E EN pass=n.. 65 N
029040: 45 58 54 20 70 61 73 73 0D 0A 20 37 30 20 52 45 EXT pass.. 70 RE
029050: 4D 20 53 6F 72 74 69 6E 67 20 46 69 6E 69 73 68 M Sorting Finish
029060: 65 64 2E 20 53 68 6F 77 20 73 6F 72 74 65 64 20 ed. Show sorted
029070: 66 69 6C 65 2E 0D 0A 20 37 35 20 46 4F 52 20 6A file... 75 FOR j
029080: 3D 31 20 54 4F 20 6E 20 3A 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 =1 TO n : PRINT
029090: 6A 2C 72 24 28 6A 29 20 3A 20 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A j,r$(j) : NEXT..
0290A0: 0D 0A 46 4F 52 57 41 52 44 20 53 43 41 4E 20 3A ..FORWARD SCAN :
0290B0: 20 74 6F 70 3D 31 2C 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 2D 31 top=1, bottom-1
0290C0: 3D 35 2C 20 73 6F 20 20 77 65 20 20 63 6F 6D 70 =5, so we comp
0290D0: 61 72 65 20 72 24 28 31 29 20 77 69 74 68 20 72 are r$(1) with r
0290E0: 24 28 32 29 3B 20 72 24 28 32 29 2C 72 24 28 33 $(2); r$(2),r$(3
0290F0: 29 3B 0D 0A 72 24 28 33 29 2C 72 24 28 34 29 3B );..r$(3),r$(4);
029100: 20 72 24 28 34 29 2C 72 24 28 35 29 3B 20 61 6E r$(4),r$(5); an
029110: 64 20 72 24 28 35 29 2C 72 24 28 36 29 20 20 65 d r$(5),r$(6) e
029120: 78 63 68 61 6E 67 69 6E 67 20 20 77 68 65 72 65 xchanging where
029130: 20 20 6E 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 2E 20 54 68 69 necessary. Thi
029140: 73 20 69 73 0D 0A 73 68 6F 77 6E 20 62 65 6C 6F s is..shown belo
029150: 77 20 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 6D 62 w with the symb
029160: 6F 6C 20 27 3C 20 3E 27 20 20 74 6F 20 20 70 6F ol '< >' to po
029170: 69 6E 74 20 20 74 6F 20 74 68 65 20 32 20 72 65 int to the 2 re
029180: 63 6F 72 64 73 20 20 63 75 72 72 65 6E 74 6C 79 cords currently
029190: 20 62 65 69 6E 67 0D 0A 63 6F 6D 70 61 72 65 64 being..compared
0291A0: 2C 20 61 6E 64 20 27 3C 2A 3E 27 20 74 6F 20 73 , and '<*>' to s
0291B0: 68 6F 77 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 73 77 61 70 20 how that a swap
0291C0: 68 61 73 20 74 61 6B 65 6E 20 70 6C 61 63 65 20 has taken place
0291D0: 74 6F 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 6E 65 78 74 20 to get the next
0291E0: 6C 69 6E 65 2E 0D 0A 52 65 6D 65 6D 62 65 72 20 line...Remember
0291F0: 6E 6F 77 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6F 75 20 73 68 6F now that you sho
029200: 75 6C 64 20 62 65 20 6C 6F 6F 6B 69 6E 67 20 20 uld be looking
029210: 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 6F 77 73 20 6F 66 20 69 at the rows of i
029220: 6E 66 6F 72 6D 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 68 6F 72 69 7A nformation horiz
029230: 6F 6E 74 61 6C 6C 79 0D 0A 61 6E 64 20 4E 4F 54 ontally..and NOT
029240: 20 69 6E 20 63 6F 6C 75 6D 6E 73 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A in columns.....
029250: 20 6A 3D 31 20 20 20 4B 20 3C 2A 3E 20 42 20 20 j=1 K <*> B
029260: 20 20 20 43 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 41 C H A
029270: 20 20 20 20 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 31 20 20 20 28 L sw=1 (
029280: 73 65 65 20 4C 69 6E 65 20 32 30 29 0D 0A 20 6A see Line 20).. j
029290: 3D 32 20 20 20 42 20 20 20 20 20 4B 20 3C 2A 3E =2 B K <*>
0292A0: 20 43 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 20 C H A
0292B0: 20 20 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 32 20 20 20 7B 20 4C L sw=2 { L
0292C0: 69 6E 65 73 20 31 35 20 74 6F 20 32 35 20 6F 66 ines 15 to 25 of
0292D0: 20 50 72 6F 67 20 42 34 2E 7D 0D 0A 20 6A 3D 33 Prog B4.}.. j=3
0292E0: 20 20 20 42 20 20 20 20 20 43 20 20 20 20 20 4B B C K
0292F0: 20 3C 2A 3E 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 20 20 20 <*> H A
029300: 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 33 0D 0A 20 6A 3D 34 20 20 L sw=3.. j=4
029310: 20 42 20 20 20 20 20 43 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 B C H
029320: 20 20 20 4B 20 3C 2A 3E 20 41 20 20 20 20 20 4C K <*> A L
029330: 20 20 73 77 3D 34 20 20 20 3C 2D 2D 2D 20 6C 61 sw=4 <--- la
029340: 73 74 20 73 77 61 70 20 6F 63 63 75 72 72 65 64 st swap occurred
029350: 20 68 65 72 65 2E 0D 0A 20 6A 3D 35 20 20 20 42 here... j=5 B
029360: 20 20 20 20 20 43 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 C H
029370: 20 41 20 20 20 20 20 4B 20 3C 20 3E 20 4C 20 20 A K < > L
029380: 73 77 3D 34 20 20 20 6E 6F 20 73 77 61 70 0D 0A sw=4 no swap..
029390: 4C 69 6E 65 20 33 30 20 73 65 74 73 20 2C 20 62 Line 30 sets , b
0293A0: 6F 74 74 6F 6D 20 3D 20 73 77 20 3D 20 34 0D 0A ottom = sw = 4..
0293B0: 0D 0A 42 41 43 4B 57 41 52 44 20 53 43 41 4E 20 ..BACKWARD SCAN
0293C0: 3A 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 2D 31 3D 33 2C 20 74 6F : bottom-1=3, to
0293D0: 70 3D 31 20 28 75 6E 63 68 61 6E 67 65 64 29 2C p=1 (unchanged),
0293E0: 20 20 73 6F 20 20 77 65 20 63 6F 6D 70 61 72 65 so we compare
0293F0: 20 72 24 28 34 29 20 77 69 74 68 20 72 24 28 33 r$(4) with r$(3
029400: 29 3B 0D 0A 72 24 28 33 29 2C 72 24 28 32 29 3B );..r$(3),r$(2);
029410: 20 61 6E 64 20 72 24 28 32 29 2C 72 24 28 31 29 and r$(2),r$(1)
029420: 20 61 73 20 73 68 6F 77 6E 20 62 65 6C 6F 77 2E as shown below.
029430: 0D 0A 20 6A 3D 33 20 20 20 42 20 20 20 20 20 43 .. j=3 B C
029440: 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 3C 2A 3E 20 41 20 20 20 20 H <*> A
029450: 20 4B 20 20 20 20 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 33 20 20 K L sw=3
029460: 20 28 73 65 65 20 4C 69 6E 65 20 34 35 29 0D 0A (see Line 45)..
029470: 20 6A 3D 32 20 20 20 42 20 20 20 20 20 43 20 3C j=2 B C <
029480: 2A 3E 20 41 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 4B *> A H K
029490: 20 20 20 20 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 32 20 20 20 7B L sw=2 {
0294A0: 20 4C 69 6E 65 73 20 34 30 20 74 6F 20 35 30 20 Lines 40 to 50
0294B0: 6F 66 20 50 72 6F 67 20 42 34 2E 7D 0D 0A 20 6A of Prog B4.}.. j
0294C0: 3D 31 20 20 20 42 20 3C 2A 3E 20 41 20 20 20 20 =1 B <*> A
0294D0: 20 43 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 4B 20 20 C H K
0294E0: 20 20 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 31 20 20 20 3C 2D 2D L sw=1 <--
0294F0: 2D 20 6C 61 73 74 20 73 77 61 70 20 6F 63 63 75 - last swap occu
029500: 72 72 65 64 20 68 65 72 65 2E 0D 0A 74 6F 20 67 rred here...to g
029510: 65 74 20 41 20 20 20 20 20 42 20 20 20 20 20 43 et A B C
029520: 20 20 20 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 4B 20 20 20 20 H K
029530: 20 4C 0D 0A 4C 69 6E 65 20 35 35 20 73 65 74 73 L..Line 55 sets
029540: 20 2C 20 74 6F 70 20 3D 20 73 77 2B 31 20 3D 20 , top = sw+1 =
029550: 32 0D 0A 0D 0A 46 4F 52 57 41 52 44 20 53 43 41 2....FORWARD SCA
029560: 4E 20 3A 20 74 6F 70 3D 32 2C 20 62 6F 74 74 6F N : top=2, botto
029570: 6D 3D 34 20 20 28 75 6E 63 68 61 6E 67 65 64 29 m=4 (unchanged)
029580: 2C 20 73 6F 20 62 6F 74 74 6F 6D 2D 31 3D 33 2E , so bottom-1=3.
029590: 20 43 6F 6D 70 61 72 65 20 72 24 28 32 29 2C 72 Compare r$(2),r
0295A0: 24 28 33 29 3B 0D 0A 61 6E 64 20 72 24 28 33 29 $(3);..and r$(3)
0295B0: 2C 72 24 28 34 29 2E 0D 0A 20 6A 3D 32 20 20 20 ,r$(4)... j=2
0295C0: 41 20 20 20 20 20 42 20 3C 20 3E 20 43 20 20 20 A B < > C
0295D0: 20 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 4B 20 20 20 20 20 4C 20 H K L
0295E0: 20 73 77 3D 30 20 20 20 73 65 74 20 62 79 20 4C sw=0 set by L
0295F0: 69 6E 65 20 31 35 2E 20 6E 6F 20 73 77 61 70 0D ine 15. no swap.
029600: 0A 20 6A 3D 33 20 20 20 41 20 20 20 20 20 42 20 . j=3 A B
029610: 20 20 20 20 43 20 3C 20 3E 20 48 20 20 20 20 20 C < > H
029620: 4B 20 20 20 20 20 4C 20 20 73 77 3D 30 20 20 20 K L sw=0
029630: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
029640: 6E 6F 20 73 77 61 70 0D 0A 4E 6F 20 73 77 61 70 no swap..No swap
029650: 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 6F 63 63 75 72 72 65 64 20 s have occurred
029660: 73 6F 20 74 68 65 20 73 77 3D 30 20 69 73 20 64 so the sw=0 is d
029670: 65 74 65 63 74 65 64 20 69 6E 20 6C 69 6E 65 20 etected in line
029680: 32 35 20 61 6E 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 6F 72 74 20 25 and the sort
029690: 69 73 20 64 6F 6E 65 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 54 68 65 20 is done.....The
0296A0: 53 68 61 6B 65 72 20 73 6F 72 74 20 69 73 20 61 Shaker sort is a
0296B0: 6E 20 69 6D 70 72 6F 76 65 6D 65 6E 74 20 69 6E n improvement in
0296C0: 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 20 6F 76 65 72 20 this case over
0296D0: 74 68 65 20 46 69 6E 61 6C 20 42 75 62 62 6C 65 the Final Bubble
0296E0: 20 73 6F 72 74 20 6F 66 20 42 33 2C 0D 0A 62 65 sort of B3,..be
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029730: 6E 73 2C 20 77 68 69 6C 73 74 20 74 68 65 0D 0A ns, whilst the..
029740: 53 68 61 6B 65 72 20 73 6F 72 74 20 74 6F 6F 6B Shaker sort took
029750: 20 6F 6E 6C 79 20 20 31 30 20 20 63 6F 6D 70 61 only 10 compa
029760: 72 69 73 6F 6E 73 20 20 69 6E 20 20 33 20 20 73 risons in 3 s
029770: 63 61 6E 73 2E 20 20 49 6E 20 20 6F 74 68 65 72 cans. In other
029780: 20 77 6F 72 64 73 2C 20 66 72 6F 6D 20 74 68 65 words, from the
029790: 0D 0A 77 6F 65 66 75 6C 6C 79 20 73 6C 6F 77 20 ..woefully slow
0297A0: 50 72 6F 67 20 42 31 2C 20 74 68 65 20 6F 74 68 Prog B1, the oth
0297B0: 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 65 72 66 6F 72 6D 69 ers are performi
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0297D0: 73 74 65 72 2E 0D 0A 50 6C 65 61 73 65 20 6E 6F ster...Please no
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029840: 73 20 74 6F 20 62 65 20 73 6F 72 74 65 64 20 20 s to be sorted
029850: 74 68 65 6E 20 20 61 6E 79 20 6F 6E 65 20 6F 66 then any one of
029860: 20 50 72 6F 67 73 20 42 31 20 74 68 72 6F 75 67 Progs B1 throug
029870: 68 20 42 34 20 77 69 6C 6C 0D 0A 6D 61 6B 65 20 h B4 will..make
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029890: 6F 66 20 73 77 61 70 73 20 62 75 74 20 77 65 20 of swaps but we
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0298C0: 70 61 72 69 73 6F 6E 73 20 69 73 0D 0A 67 65 74 parisons is..get
0298D0: 74 69 6E 67 20 6C 65 73 73 20 61 6E 64 20 6C 65 ting less and le
0298E0: 73 73 2E 20 49 6E 20 74 65 72 6D 73 20 6F 66 20 ss. In terms of
0298F0: 20 63 6F 6D 70 75 74 65 72 20 70 72 6F 63 65 73 computer proces
029900: 73 69 6E 67 20 74 69 6D 65 73 2C 20 61 20 63 6F sing times, a co
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029920: 65 63 6F 72 64 73 20 69 73 20 64 6F 6E 65 20 71 ecords is done q
029930: 75 69 63 6B 6C 79 20 62 75 74 20 61 6E 20 20 65 uickly but an e
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029950: 72 65 63 6F 72 64 73 20 69 6E 20 74 68 65 20 63 records in the c
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029970: 0A 74 61 6B 65 73 20 6D 61 6E 79 20 74 69 6D 65 .takes many time
029980: 73 20 6C 6F 6E 67 65 72 2E 20 57 65 20 63 61 6E s longer. We can
029990: 20 73 61 76 65 20 20 74 69 6D 65 20 20 62 79 20 save time by
0299A0: 74 72 79 69 6E 67 20 74 6F 20 6D 61 6B 65 20 66 trying to make f
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0299C0: 2C 0D 0A 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 6D 61 69 6E 20 ,..but the main
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029A00: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
029A10: 23 00 00 00 02 09 4E E5 23 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 #.....N.#.......
029A20: 23 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 23 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 #.......#.......
029A30: 23 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 23 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 #.......#.......
029A40: 23 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 23 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 #.......#.......
029A50: 23 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 23 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 #.......#.......
029A60: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029A70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029A80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029A90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AA0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AB0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AC0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AD0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AE0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AF0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029B00: 65 72 20 65 78 63 68 61 6E 67 65 73 2E 0D 0A 0D er exchanges....
029B10: 0A 54 68 65 20 6E 65 78 74 20 6D 65 74 68 6F 64 .The next method
029B20: 20 74 6F 20 20 62 65 20 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 to be describ
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029BC0: 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6D 65 20 61 73 20 65 76 65 the same as eve
029BD0: 72 2E 20 57 68 61 74 20 61 20 73 68 61 6D 65 21 r. What a shame!
029BE0: 0D 0A 53 6F 20 77 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 6D 79 20 ..So what is my
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02F460: 2E 2E 2E 2E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ....
02F470: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
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0319D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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0319F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031A00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031A10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031A20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031A30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031A40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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031A80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031A90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031AA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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031AC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031AD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031AE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031AF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031B90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031BA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031BB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031BC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031BD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031BE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031BF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031C90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031CA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031CB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031CC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031CD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031CE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031CF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031D00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031D10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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031D60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031D70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031D80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031D90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031DA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031DB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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031DE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031DF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031E00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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031E50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031E60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031E70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031E80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031E90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031EA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031EB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031EC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031ED0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031EE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
031EF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=460 CHEA=5 COD=70 MUSI=5 COP=91 GRA=298 WRIT=72 198=4 199=2 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=460 CHEA=5 COD=70 MUSI=5 COP=91 GRA=298 WRIT=72 198=4 199=2 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File SAMdisk100620* NADAY FEAB&B REVBACKISS INF* CO
LDUMP3REVCOMPO REG CONTENTSREGCONTRIB REGDISC14 FEA !"#$%&'()*DISC14 FEA+EDI
T REG,,-./01ENDINGS FEA23456789FORMAT FEA GRAPH14 FEAABCDEFGNEWS REGHIPAS
CAL14FEAfJKLMNOPQRSTUVPOST 01 /WXYZPOST 02 2abcPOST 03 dePOST 04 fgh
ijklmPOST 05 nopqPOST ADRrPRINTOUTREVstuvPROART14FEA"wxyzPROGINFOREGPROMER
14REV9REG1 REGUSC2DATE COMSIDESWITFEA SORT14 FEAs£SPOT14 REGTAPES14 FEA-ASC
READBAS-BULLS HITCOPY6128BINCOPY64K BIN)*T A DAY IN THE LI
FE OF AN AMSTRAD CPC *B A DAY IN THE LIFE OF AN AMSTRAD CP
C "As soon as the morning newspaper was delivered, I was loaded up with
the Sharemarket program and the prices of those stocks which my owner
was following, were entered. I produced a line graph of one stock price wit
h its moving average plotted at the end date. My owner got all excited when
he saw the price line had passed through the moving average line. Later in
the morning, the Word Processor was loaded and 2 letters were produced
. One was on an Aerogram in the Condensed font and had quite a few paragra
phs of news loaded from another previous letter. I think that the second letter
looked very elegant in Lectura font. Then the mail arrived and some bills we
re paid after being entered into "Money Manager" cash book. A bonus share cer
tificate received, had its serial number recorded in "Masterfile" database
and with other details, in "Mastercalc" spreadsheet. A married daughter a
rrived and asked to use "Advanced Music System" to produce a songsheet with mu
sic and lyrics for her group to perform at the school hall. I played the tune
for her. The secretary of a club then phoned and asked for a banner and gre
eting card for a new life member to be appointed at the AGM. Both were pro
duced using "Printmaster Plus". The banner was 3 metres long and the card wa
s made using choices from different borders and fonts and illustrations. Th
en the Editor of the club's magazine arrived with the copy for the monthly m
agazine. Using "Stop Press" Desk Top Publishing program, there was a choice of
54 fonts,in variable sizes, and 55O drawings filed on disc, to make a classy
front page. A coloured snapshot of the speaker at the next meeting was
digitised from a video camera and loaded into a window on page 1. The next
2 pages were produced by the program, "Page Publisher", as they were for te
xt only. It is just so easy for me to make 2 or 3 column pages with t
his program. The columns can contain boxed text and headings can be inverted
to white-on-black. Then off went the Editor to his photocopier. When scho
ol was over, my owner's grandson came and used "French Mistress" to practice
his vocabulary as he was to visit New Caledonia. I have lots of educatio
nal programs available. After tea, the club membership database was updated a
nd printed out in full for committee mem Nbers, and address labels printed for
the magazine. Then, after putting my cover on, there was time for my owner
to go down to the supermarket. There he met a man he knew, who had the very l
atest in gee-whiz computers with all the bells, clocks and whistles plus a noi
sy cooling fan. My owner, after saying that he was still using me, (a genuin
e quiet 128k Z-8O 8 bit computer with no fan), was told that I should be tr
aded in for something that would be really useful ! ! " STRAD CPC "As *T
BRAIN & BRAWN *B
BRAIN & BRAWN Brain & Brawn is a collection of four games written by Kevin H
eywood, the games are NOT Public Domain and cost £1.99 plus 24p P&P (if you
supply the disc) or £3.99 plus P&P with the disc included. The first game, C
rack-It, is yet another version of Mastermind (the board game with the colour
ed pegs, not the TV program) and is fairly well presented with a fairly good i
con control system and a clear explanation of the rules of the game when it loa
ds. The main problem with the game is its key detection which sometimes
requires you to hold down the key for quite a long time before anythin
g happens and sometimes this results in two pegs being placed instead of just
one, which is only a problem on the second last peg as as soon as the last peg
is placed the program thinks you have finished and won't let you take the p
egs away. On the whole though this is a good but unoriginal game. The next g
ame is called Rebound and involves two players smashing 'pucks' into an inver
ted U-shaped playing area with higher scores the further the puck goes. Unfort
unately if the puck goes too far it hits a force field and is evaporated. This
game is OK when played with a friend but as the best way to win seems to be to
constantly smash the other players pucks into the forcefield, the friend will
probably soon be an ex-friend. The game is let down by the irritatingly
flickering sprites and, like Crack-It, by fairly bad key detection. After R
ebound comes Annihilation (or Annhialation in the menu!) which is a sidew
ays scrolling shoot-'em-up. Again the sprites, especially the main sprite (wh
ich looks like a flying bus!), flicker quite a bit and the game becomes very r
epetitive after about five or six levels as the only difference between the
aliens appears to be what they look like. Another problem is that you can onl
y fire one laser bolt (or whatever it is) at a time and they travel quite slow
ly, causing much tearing out of hair. Despite these problems the game is act
ually quite fun, for a while. The last game is called Asteroids and is, su
rprisingly, a clone of the ancient arcade game of the same name. It also suff
ers from flickery sprites and being repetetive and although you can fire sever
al bolts at once they make the lasers in Annihilation look turbo-charged!
Add thus to the occasionally dodgy collision detection and the fact that
instead of wrapping round when they fly off the screen the asteroids appear
apparently at random from another direction at much greater speed and you wou
ld think that the game is pretty awful but actually it isn't, it was my fav
ourite one of the four! Overall, in spite of the flickery graphics and irrit
ating problems with some of the games, I would recommend this disc as it only c
osts £1.99 and will provide a couple of days amusement at least (it's cheaper t
han going to the cinema!). Kevin O'Rourke BRAIN & BRAWN *B
BRAIN & BRAWN Brain & Brawn is a collectn at m
uch greater speed and you would think that the game is pretty awful but ac
tually it isn't, it was my favourite one of the four! Overall, in spite of th
e flickery graphics and irritating problems with some of the games, I would re
commend this disc as it only costs £1.99 and will provide a couple of days amus
ement at least (it's cheaper than going to the cinema!). , St.Baruc, Llanharry,
Pontyclun, Mid-Glamorgan CF7 9LH. FOR SALE AMX Mouse AMX Art and a mouse mat
, £30 the lot. Multiface II £20. Electric Studio Light Pen £10. Advanced Ar
t Studio £12. Cauldron 2 & Winter Games, both on disc, £3 each or £5 for bo
th. 18 cassette games for £1 each or £10 the lot. All the above costs £96 you c
an have the lot for £60. Contact- Alan Haire on 05047 - 63865. FOR SALE Am
strad disc software (games and serious), books and hardware for sale. All ori
gina N*T BACK ISSUES *B
BACK ISSUES ISSUE 1 PRINTED - Almost sold out The first ever, b
ut doesn't win any prizes for layout and printing! Articles include Printmaste
r review, The Secrets of Ur help, Conch map, 16 v 8 - the Battle of the Bit
s, Splatt! review, Beef Up Protext, De-Cable review, Eprom Blowing, MT222
printer review, Postbag, Stop Press quick print, News and Editorial IS
SUES 2 AND 3 ARE NO LONGER AVAILABLE ISSUE 4 PRINTED - Almost sold out Ge
nerally accepted to have the best cover of all 6 printed issues, although s
ome argue that the Fractal cover of issue 5 is better! Articles include The
Battle of the Titans (Advanced Desktop Publisher vs Pagemaker Deluxe), CRR
review, Postbag, News, Underground Reading part 1, Comm-Line, Adventuring,
Cartoon, Editorial, Spotlight and On Display ISSUES 5 AND 6 ARE NO LONGER A
VAILABLE ISSUE 7 DISK The first ever issue on disk. Features reviews
of Mini-Print-Shop, Croco Magneto, 3D Construction Kit, and PD High Capacit
y Formatters. Other articles include PD Experience, Alan Scully writes abo
ut running a PD library, PD Planner vs Supercalc, Backbone, Postbag,
Comm-Line, Spotlight, News, Adventuring, and Reader Survey part II. Free
programs include Christmas Demo, Picture Pairs, and the first ever 3D game crea
ted with the 3D Construction Kit. * PLEASE NOTE THAT DUE TO COPYRIGHT PROBL
EMS, BASIC COMPILER IS NOW LONGER * * SUPPLIED WITH
ISSUE 7 * ISSUE 8 DISK Packed to the brim with features and reviews.
Start of 'snippets' in the Postbag section. Reviews of Dredriss, G-Paint,
Dartsma Extendi Board vs Wave Widget, and a Rocky Horror Picture Show fanzi
ne in 'Underclothes Reading'. Features include Commercial Quality part 1, a l
ook at PD programs which come up to commercial standard, plus hint sheet for Pa
gemaker Plus. Also in this issue Postbag, News, Comm-Line, Spotlight, Backb
one, The Survey Revenge Results (comments on issue 7) and Editorial. The mai
n free program is RAMBASE 3, John Fairlie's Database. ISSUE 9 DISK The
last issue to be edited by Alan Scully. Massive bumper postbag, the last Com
m-line, Commercial Quality part 2, reviews of Amgraph, Commercial Demos 1, De
mos 7, Homebudget, The L-Plate files, TasDiary and PaperMaker DTP. This m
onths free program is GPaint, a wonderful art program that rivals even the
commercial art programs! Perhaps the most packed CPC Domain ever. ISSUE 10
DISK The first issue from the new team. The first of a series of excellen
t multi- coloured loading screens, General Military Simulator a review of the
miltary games' creator, the demo of which is available from our PD library, Th
e Silicon Village a new Bulletin Board reviewed, part 2 of Barrie Snells' diss
ection of the Amstrad Action's covertapes system, details of the Print-Out
Firmware Manual, Upgrade your 6128 to a 464! The free PD this month incl
udes games running under CP/M!!! Including Chess, Tic-Tac-Toe, and possibly
the original version of Pong ISSUE 11 DISK The first of a tutorial in PAS
CAL, plus example programmes more from Barrie Snell on transferring the late
st Amstrad Action Covertapes to disc Reviews of Spell Checkers both PD and c
ommercial Astrology on the CPC the two main contenders battle it out (a demo
disc of the winner becomes available in the PD library) a Bubble Jet printer
gets put through it's paces. The free software includes a costing programme fo
r saving you money on your phone bills, Amgraph, possibly the best statistical
graph programme available, bar none. ISSUE 12 DISK The second Andy Norris P
ASCAL tutorial and more example programmes the special massive LABEL DESIGN dem
o, exclusive to CPC DOMAIN, 2in1, the excellent CPC to PC file transfer progra
m reviewed Barrie Snell's brilliant AA covertape series continues I Was A Postb
ag Editor The Domain PD Survey (Domain PD used to be Scull PD). PD includes a
brilliant notepad programme (a whole month before AA give away their versio
n!), exclusive upgrade and information on R.Mayor's masterpiece DManager.
ISSUE 13 DISK First of a series of Sorting articles AA Covertape conversion
s up-dated Desk- Top Publishers reviewed brilliant computer implementation of B
attleships game win the Pools after reading about a Pools Predictor revie
w! archive your se Nldom-used discs to tape with the free Softarc pr
ogramme essential information that you need to know when attempting to write
a Calendar program Pyradev and Pyraword reviewed and from New Zealand, a whole
host of reviews of Utilities, Word-Processors, using CP/M, and lots more.
PRICES ISSUES 1 and 4 Priced at £1.25 +
a large SAE, and are only available until stocks run-out, we will not be rep
rinting any issues. Grab them now while you still can. ISSUES 7 ONWARDS Pri
ces at £1.25 plus a disk and stamped addressed envelope. Send orders to CPC D
omain, 20 Montague Road, Saltford, Bristol BS18 3LA. ISSUES *B
BACK ISSUES ISSUE 1 PRINTED - Almost s-Processors, using
CP/M, and lots more. PRICES ISSUES 1
and 4 Priced at £1.25 + a large SAE, and are only available until stocks ru
n-out, we will not be reprinting any issues. Grab them now while you stilout
Generally accepted to have the best cover of all 6 printed issues, although
some argue that the Fractal cover of issue 5 is better! Articles include Th
e Battle of the Titans (Advanced Desktop Publisher vs Pagemaker Deluxe), C
RR review, Postbag, News, Underground Reading part 1, Comm-Line, Adventuri
ng, Cartoon, Editorial, Spotlight and On Display ISSUES 5 AND 6 ARE NO LONGE
R AVAILABLE ISSUE 7 DISK The first ever issue on disk. Features revie
ws of Mini-Print-Shop, *T COLOURDUMP3 *B
COLOURDUMP3 Being a budding artist you buy yo
urself an art package, sit down for hours on end and paint some great pictures
. You get yourself a colour printer so you can print them out, only one problem
-- you can't. What you need is a colour dump. Colourdump3 costs £15.95, on t
he other hand you could look to the PD dumps. The two I've tried are Smart2
dump and Mode1 dump, both work pretty well to a degree in that they both hav
e in my opinion three draw backs. 1) You need to know or by trial and error f
ind out the pen colours used. 2) The actual size of the print out is about a
third of an A4 sheet. 3) They takes ages for a picture to be printed out.
M.J.C. Supplies have solved those problems with Colourdump3. The program auto
matically reads Advanced Art Studio palette files, it gives you two choices of
sizes, small and large. Small being about the same as the P.D. dumps (13cm x
9cm), the large is slightly less than A4 (22cm x 15cm). When you choose a larg
e print out you get the choice of either single or double density and it tak
es about an hour for Colourdump3 to print a large double density picture pro
duced in mode 0. Its only draw back - or is it The P.D. dumps take just as lon
g if not longer to print out their third of a sheet. If you haven't got A.A.
S. Colourdump3 gives you two alternatives, the first, like the P.D. versions
is to find out the colours used, but the program lets you test to see if you
have the right inks. When you are happy with the colours you can save the inks
for future use. Your second choice is to use a Multiface, all you need to
do is load up YOUR picture push the little red button and save the screen.
Then just follow the dumps on screen instructions, nothing could be easier.
Colourdump3 isn't perfect, it, like the P.D. dumps, has a few more draw backs
in that you will have a lot of trouble trying to print a circle and when you
paint a picture using colours like say orange and light brown, both are printe
d out as brown. This is the fault of the ribbon not the dumps. Most things
in the P.D. world are as good or better than the commercial products Are
you sure - Heather, unless you know differently Colourdump3 is one of the ex
ceptions. Colordump3 can be had from M.J.C. Supplies, Unit 2, The Arches, Ic
knield Way, Letchworth, Herts, SG6 1UJ Telephone 0462 - 481166 John Reilly
ing artist you bu typical entry will have its bytes displayed on the screen in
two rows of 16 bytes as follows- ----------------------------------
---------------------------- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31 -------------------------------------------------------
------- As the directory entry is very important and is the key to finding
the file on the disc, I shall now explain its me N*T
COMPETITION TIME *B COMPETITION TIME WE
LCOME to the competition. For this month I (Barrie Snell your temp-Ed) will
set it. O.K., here goes. Look at the number 102564. Note the end-digit, the 4
. Now multiply 102564 by the end-digit, the 4, to get 410256. This has the
effect of taking the end-digit from the end to the front whilst retaining the
order of the rest of the digits. The answer to the competition in this case
would have been 6, the number of digits contained in the number 102564. The q
uestion asked would have been, "Find a decimal number (i.e. a number using base
ten) ending in the digit '4', which, when multiplied by '4', has the effect o
f removing the '4' from the end of the number and putting it to the front, w
hilst retaining the order of the rest of the digits. How many digits are in t
hat number " Answer 6 This is just an example to show you what I'm after,
and how to do it. The real question for this month's competition is - "Using
numbers in base 15, (that's base fifteen using digits of 0123456789abcde wher
e 8decimal 8, 9decimal 9, adecimal 10, bdecimal 11, ..... edecimal 14) find a
number ending with the digit 'a', which, when multiplied by 'a', has the effec
t of removing the 'a' from the end of the number and putting it to the fro
nt, whilst retaining the order of the rest of the digits. How many digits are i
n that number " Answers on a postcard please to ....... Barrie Snell, COMPO
14, 65 Bath Road, Southsea, Portsmouth, HANTS PO4 OHX. NOT to Simon Warford
HINT- It's not all that difficult. You can slog away with pencil and paper
for this unique solution or you can write a one-line (honestly, a 1-liner)
Basic program which will generate the original numbers and their lengths
for all number bases from 3 to 17. Within each base-system, all possible endi
ng-digits will also be treated, except, of course, the trivial cases of 0 a
nd 1. This program will be on the disc for CPC Domain issue 15 whethe
r I get any submissions for this competition or not. *T
THE PRIZE(S) *B THE PRIZE(S) O
ne of the prizes is Cyrus II 3-D Chess on disc. This is a very sophisticated
Chess program and if you think you're a good chess player, try to beat this!!
The other is an excellent Machine-Code Tutor on 2 tapes. 6128-owners don't
be put off. The tape sections don't take too long to load and you can single-
step through the various examples and see changes in the registers, and so on
. This is an excellent tutorial and is 'graded' into levels of difficulty. Ver
y highly recommended for your introduction into machine-code programming. Al
l entries must reach me by the 23rd of October 1992, and the winner will be
announced in the next issue. Anyone involved with CPC Domain is eligible for
entry because I haven't told anyone involved with Domain the answer. --- P
.S. --- Anybody who might want to just send a random number on their po
stcard in the hope of winning, I also want to see on your postcard the firs
t 6 and the last 6 digits of the number (in base 15) whose length in digits you
have to find. This'll reduce your chances of winning with a random number cons
iderably. In fact, you would stand more chance of winning the Football Pools !!
GOOD LUCK TO YOU ALL. ( BARRIE SNELL ) *T RESULT F
OR ISSUE 13 *B RESULT FOR ISSUE 13 And the winner is
.............. NOBODY !! That's right, no winning entries. In fact, no entri
es at all ! I (Simon) will hold back this competition for a further 4 weeks.
Don't forget that when you place a bet on a horse and you win, then you get y
our winnings at the calculated odds, plus you get your stake money back. MPO
$$$ COMPETITION TIME *B COMPET
ITION TIME WELCOME to the competi*T THE CONTENTS --- Issue
14 *B THE CONTENTS --- Issue 14 *T REGULARS *B REGULARS
The Contents Page You are reading it. The Editorial
Barrie guest edits this month. Subscribe The New Easy Way John Fairlie
explains how. News Latest in the CPC world. Discount
ers Money off deals for subscribers. In Touch
Small Ads. Helpline Problems and N Advice. Spotlig
ht Domain PD library additions & top 10 chart. The Competit
ion & Results The compo this month & last month's results. Contributors
The people without whom... *T FEATURES *B FEATURES New Dis
c Formatter Corrupted sector detector. A Day In The Life Of A CPC
V. Droll. Print Graphics From BASIC John Fairlie. Disc Editing Explained
(Pt 1) John Fairlie. Protext & Printers (Pt 1) Kevin O'Rourke. Better Pro
gramming (Pt 1) Barrie Snell. DIY Sideswitch for 3.5" Drive V. Useful. Sor
ting Routines (Pt 2) Barrie Snell. Pascal Tutorial (Pt 3) Andy Nor
ris. AA Covertapes. Tape 19 Barrie Snell. *T REVIEWS *B REVIEWS 4
Games By Kevin Heywood Kevin O'Rourke. ColourDump3 John
Reilly. Print-Out Firmware Manual Graeme Chesser. Using Promerge (Pt 1)
John Fairlie. *T PROGRAMS *B PROGRAMS Copy64k & Copy6128
Disc & File Copiers. Calendar For years 1 to 3999. War
ren A word-game. Dropsy A virus s
imulation. JRT004 4th Pascal example. JRT005
5th Pascal example. Word Solve (6128, 6128+) Word-Search solv
er. Endings Goes with Better Programming article. Graphi
cs Goes with Graphics Fron BASIC article. DrehDriss
German Tetris clone. Disc Editor Goes with disc
-editing article. Sc2Date.Com Puts date into Supercalc2 files
. ReadAsc Reads ASCII files. Disc Formatter
Detects damaged disc sectors. ULARS *B REGULARS d Solve (6128, 6128+)
Word-Search solver. Endings Goes with Better Programming
article. Graphics Goes with Graphics Fron BASIC article.
DrehDriss German Tetris clone. Disc Editntinuation phrases
such as "s and" and " and", also very special endings for words like hippo
potami and hippopotamus, or doggies and doggy. I won't waste space here with a
program listing, because on Side 1 is an example program for you to Load and L
ist, then you can Run it. It is called ENDINGS.BAS Snell. *B
BETTER PROGRAMMING by Barrie Snell. Tmind that the two endings "s." and
"." will account for over 85% of the common plurals, with the other 15% comp
rising of co*T CONTRIBUTORS APPEARING *B
CONTRIBUTORS APPEARING *T
In Issue 14. *B In Issue 14. This is a li
st of people who have contributed in some way to the production of this issue o
f CPC Domain. Your name could appear here. Look through this issue and if you
see something that you think you could do, let us know. It might be a feature
on some aspect of the CPC computer, a PD review, a hardware review or maybe a r
eview about some piece of software that you think everyone should know about. I
f you have any ideas contact Heather Keen, our reviews and features editor
. Articles don't have to be all doom and gloom and serious either. Just read
"A Day In The Life Of A CPC" in this issue. Plaudits for this issue go to-
Graeme Chesser John Fairlie Barrie Snell Heather Keen J
ohn Hudson Bob Blanshard Kevin O'Rourke and John Reilly. Thanks to you a
ll. It's much appreciated by us at Domain Headquarters. CONTRIB
UTORS APPEARING *T y ideas contact Heather Keen, our revie
ws and features editor. Articles don't have to be all doom and gloom and ser
ious either. Just read "A Day In The Life Of A CPC" in this issue. Plaudits
for this issue go to- Graeme Chesser John Fairlie Barrie Snell Hea
ther Keen John Hudson Bob Blanshard Kevin O'Rourke and John Reilly.
Than N FILE TYPES & DISC EDITING ( Part One ) - BY JOHN FAIR
LIE This article sets out to explain the different types of files
that the CPC uses, and how they are stored on disc. I do not pretend to know
all there is to know about this, but my experience has got me out of one or
two fixes in the past, and it may just help others as well. This is not reall
y aimed at beginners, but then disc users tend to be more advanced users anyway
. It took me quite a while to appreciate what the meaning of different file
types actually meant in practice. I used a disc editor to look at discs at t
he same time and I therefore learnt the elements of disc editing in parallel to
learning about files. This article will do it much the same way. When you
ask most CPC users what the difference is between say a Binary file and an ASCI
I file, they usually say that it is the way the file is stored on disc. This
I find rather misleading. The only thing that can be written to disc is 1's
and 0's. It is NOT possible to write a letter of the alphabet or anything e
lse directly to disc. All files are therefore a collection of 1's and 0's in
sets of 8 as we use an 8 bit character set. THE CHARACTER SET You may be
aware that the CPC's character set uses 256 characters numbered 0 to 255 or 00
to FF in hex. That is the maximum number of combinations of eight 1's and 0's
, ie, 2 to the power of 8. Therefore, every one of the 178k bytes on a disc
is one of these 256 characters and each character is made up of 8 bits, ie, 8 1
's or 0's. I cannot over stress that this is true of ALL file types. In t
his respect, all files are stored in the same way on the disc. So what makes
an ASCII file different to a BASIC file (.BAS) or a binary file (.BIN) Let'
s talk about ASCII files first. The 256 characters we use on the CPC are
similar, but not identical to those used on other computers. ASCII stands f
or the 'American Standard Code for Information Interchange', ie., it is a st
andard that guides us to use the same meaning for each of the 256 combination
s of 1's and 0's. Now, the first half of the character set, characters
0 to 127 are fairly standard. Character 65 is always capital A, character
90 is always capital Z. Therefore when a computer sends the bit pattern for
character 65 to a printer intending it to print the character A, it helps if t
he printer understands that when it receives this bit pattern, it should pri
nt an A. Both are using the same ASCII standard so we do not get a problem
with various makes of computer talking to different makes of printer. Chara
cters in the range 128 to 255 are generally very different between com
puters. The CPC character set is totally different to the characters in this r
ange on a PC. The latter is generally known as the IBM extended character set.
This set includes predominantly business characters, ie, box drawing characters
, shading and foreign characters and symbols. When we refer to a file as bei
ng ASCII on the CPC, we generally mean it has only characters in the range 32 t
o 126, and each of these characters has no other meaning than that defined
by the ASCII character set. An A is an A, it is not an instruction to the co
mputer to do anything or to store anything differently from a plain A. An AS
CII file therefore consists of the upper and lower case alphabet plus punctu
ation marks as are common between many computers. The only control codes allo
wed in ASCII files (ie, codes between 0 and 31) are character 10 for a line fe
ed, and character 13 for a carriage return. Other text files which are not AS
CII, ie, Protext Document files, contain other characters which have a meaning
only to Protext. Characters are stored in the range 128-255 which tell Pro
text to start or stop underlining, or bold typeface for example. Then there a
re soft spaces, and soft returns. The characters Arnor chose to use for t
hese things make the file special to Protext. The special characters do n
ot mean anything to other word processors which may well use different codes f
or underline, bold, etc.. ASCII files have no special characters in them
and therefore they are highly portable between machines, and between packages
on the same machine. This is the reason why many software packages are able
to import ASCII files. They are free of codes which mean things on Nly to o
ther specific software. They are also the simplest to deal with and have t
he greatest range of software able to produce them. Added to this, they are
highly visible. The file means something when displayed on the screen (with t
he TYPE command in CP/M for example). BASIC can read ASCII files with INPUT #9
and display them with PRINT. When you edit your disc, you will see the ch
aracters of the English language on the disc editor's screen. BASIC AND
BINARY So let's have a look at another file type - BASIC files. Again a BASIC
file is a collection of 8 bit characters in the range 0 to 255. Here
the stored characters are likely to span more evenly the full 256 characte
r range. When you write the line 10 FOR I1 TO 10PRINT INEXT you may b
e forgiven for thinking that the characters you typed in at the keyboar
d are the same as the characters saved to disc. They are NOT. BASIC holds
them differently both in the computer's memory, and when saved on disc. Eac
h line number is stored as two bytes, hence the maximum line number allowed o
f 65535. This also explains why a program numbered as lines 1, 2, 3 etc., takes
up just as much space in memory as a program numbered 1000, 2000, 3000, etc..
For normally saved BASIC files, each 'reserved' word in BASIC such as FOR, NEX
T, GOSUB, PRINT etc., is held as a single character 'token'. GOSUB is 159 or 9
F in Hex. PRINT has 191 as its token (BF in Hex). Therefore when the word
PRINT appears in a BASIC file, it is stored not as 5 characters as in an ASC
II file, but as the single character number 191. If your BASIC file gets cor
rupted, it is therefore difficult to cure as the characters on the disc edito
r screen are not readily identifiable to the lines of your program code. You
can make a BASIC file into an ASCII file by saving it with SAVE "FILENAME",A a
nd this file can then be loaded into a word processor. The above program line
will then be saved as the characters that you see it as. The word 'PRINT' wil
l be saved as the character for P, R, I, N and T, i.e,, characters 80, 82, 73,
78 and 84. A binary file is something different again. Those into machin
e code (Not me!) will be more knowledgeable on these than the rest of us. Aga
in, this is a form of 'code' in as much as each byte is an instruction (or data
) for the Z80 to act on. The file therefore has to be used in a special way
. It has to be loaded into a special address in memory, and a specific memory
address called. Again, this type of file will have all manner of bytes within
it, and MOST of them will have a special meaning. DISC EDITING Let
us now look at disc editing. This is a good way of changing directly the c
ontents of your files. Why would you want to do this Well if you have ever
had a corrupted BASIC program that would not load and perhaps only gave the
message "Direct Command Found", then you have no alternative but to edit t
he disc directly in an attempt to cure it. Bear in mind though, that you can
only change one byte, or character on the disc for another. You cannot de
lete a byte, or put three bytes where two were before. But if you can get
the file into a state where BASIC (or your Word Processor) can load it, you can
then make further corrections from there. I use DEDIT.BAS which is a Publ
ic Domain Disc Editor but most of the disc editors I have seen work in muc
h the same way, and have the same facilities. It is just the commands each
particular editor uses to perform each of the functions that varies betwe
en them. The disc editor program DEDIT.BAS is on side 1 of this issue of CPC
Domain so you can look at a disc for yourself and look up the things I ment
ion in these articles. (Keep a copy of it for future articles in this series i
n Domain). Let me say at the outset that changing the disc contents can get yo
u into a lot of trouble if you do not know what you are doing. To keep
your valuable programs and data files safe, I suggest you make a copy of a
disc purely for experimenting on. Alternatively, you will be OK if you just
use the editor to 'look around' and do not save any amended sector back to dis
c. First a few words about the structure of the disc. On the CPC you ha
ve two independent sides to a three inch disc. On 3.5 and 5.25 inch discs, bo
th sides are considered as one with a single directory. These drives have two
heads, None for each side of the disc, but the CPC is a budget machine, and
we have to turn the disc over to access the other side in the same way. For
Data Format discs, the disc is divided up in the format process into 40 tr
acks and 9 sectors. Each track sector division can hold 512 bytes, ie, 512
characters, each in the range 0 to 255. Hence 40 * 9 * 512 180 * 1024 or 180
k Bytes. Of this, 2k bytes is used for the directory, leaving 178k for data
. Each side of a disc is therefore holding 180 * 1024 * 8 1's or 0's, ie, nea
rly one and a half million 'bits' of information. When you use your disc edi
tor, you will be asked for which track and sector you wish to read. Tracks ar
e numbered 0 to 39 (0 is on the outside of the disc, and 39 in the middle). Da
ta format discs have the sectors numbered as 193 to 201. Don't ask me why the
se numbers were chosen but it is interesting to note that they are exactly 1
28 more than the sector numbers on System discs! Start by looking at track 0
sector 193 of a data format disc and read the contents of this track/sec
tor division into the editor. This is part of the disc directory. Most di
sc editors split this 512 bytes into two lots for display as the screen
of the CPC is not big enough to display them all in one go. You will theref
ore probably have a command to toggle between pages one and two, each displayi
ng 256 bytes. The disc editor allows you to edit in both HEX and ASCII.
To enter control codes, or characters for which there is not a keyboard ke
y, you will have to enter the characters hex code. If the character you
want is a keyboard character, then it is easier to use the ASCII section
as it is less prone to errors. If you type in an A in the ASCII section of
the screen, you will see the editor display 41 in the equivalent byte positio
n of the hex section of the screen. Characters below 32 will not be displa
yed in the ASCII section but will instead show as a dot or some similar chara
cter. This is for obvious reasons. As an example, try printing CHR$(12) to
the screen. The screen clears! Other codes in this range will clear part o
f the screen or change the screen mode. This would really screw up your dis
c editors display, and that is why it displays a dot instead. These codes mu
st also be entered in hex. You may recall that each side of a disc can only
hold a maximum of 64 directory entries even if all files were only 1k in size
. This is because the directory space is only big enough to hold 64 entries.
Now, as the directory is 2k in size, and as it can hold 64 entries, the mor
e mathematical among us will already have figured that each entry takes 32 b
ytes. A typical entry will have its bytes displayed on the screen in two row
s of 16 bytes as follows- ------------------------------------------
-------------------- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1
2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 --------------------------------------------------------------
As the directory entry is very important and is the key to finding the file
on the disc, I shall now explain its meaning in some detail. The first byte
(byte 0) is the user number the file is stored in. Mostly as users we sti
ck to user area 0 so this byte is 00. Any figure between 00 and OF (0 and 15
decimal) is possible. If the file is erased, E5 (hex) is stored here (229 dec
imal). Therefore to recover an erased file, (presuming it has not been overwr
itten of which more later), you merely have to change this E5 byte to 00. The
next 8 bytes (1 to 9) are the filename, and followed by the file extension (
bytes 10, 11 and 12). You can edit these, but it is best if you keep to
keyboard characters so you can load the file later by typing its name at th
e keyboard. The file extension may have different characters displayed here
on the disc editor than when you catalogue the disc. The reason for this is
that the file may be set as READ ONLY as opposed to READ WRITE, and as SY
STEM as opposed to DIRECTORY. Use of the SET command in CP/M allows files t
o be set as READ ONLY or SYSTEM or both at once. READ ONLY files cannot be
changed or deleted (except with your disc editor!) and SYSTEM files will not
show up in the directory when you catalogue a disc. AMSDOS does not give
any way to change these attributes but happily obeys Nthem. The attributes
are stored in the directory by setting the eighth bit of the 10th byte for R
EAD ONLY and the eighth bit of the 11th byte for SYSTEM. What we mean by
'Setting the eighth bit' is that the character would normally be in the range 3
2 to 126 and therefore be a keyboard character that has a pattern of eight 1's
and 0's that does not have a 1 as the eighth or most significant bit. Only
characters in the range 128 to 255 have a 1 in the eighth (or most signific
ant) bit position. When the eighth bit is set, the first 7 bits stay unchan
ged, and the eighth bit is changed from a 0 to a 1. This means that the valu
e of the character is increased by 128. So a file set to READ ONLY with an ex
tension of BAS would have the B changed from value 66, to value 194, or from
42 in hex to C2 in hex. So if you changed the byte from C2 (hex) to 42 (hex),
you would remove the Read Only Status. Bytes 12, 13 14 and 15 hav
e specific meanings as follows- Byte 12 is the Extent. This is needed bec
ause each directory entry can only handle files up to 16k in length (more ab
out this in part two). Larger files have two or more directory entries. This
byte therefore holds 00 if it is the directory entry for the first 16k of a
file, 01 if it is for the second 16k of the file, 02 for the third and so on.
Bytes 1 to 11 of each entry for big files will be identical. Changing this b
yte to from 01 to 00 for the second half of a file up to 32k in size will allow
you to split a big file up into two smaller ones. You MUST also change the
filename for this second half of the file in the process though. I did this w
ith the SCRIVENER instruction file so I could load 16k blocks individually in
to PROTEXT for editing and printing. The second entries for big files als
o count towards the maximum of 64 directory entries. That is why I referred
earlier to 'directory entries' as opposed to 'number of files'. Bytes 13 a
nd 14 are used by the operating system, and are of no concern to us. Don't ch
ange them. Byte 15 is the number of records in this extent, i.e., an indicati
on of the file size. Each record is 128 bytes of file data. Therefore the m
aximum number of records in 16k is 128. This figure is therefore up to 128
or 80 in hex. You will not need to ever change this byte. Well, that is the
end of the first part of my article. Next month we will have a look at the o
ther half of the directory entry, and how it can be used to actually find
the body of the file on the disc. We will also talk about system discs which
are structured slightly differently. See you then. EDITING ( Part One ) - BY
JOHN FAIRLIE DISC14 $$$ DISC14 FEACONTENTSREGdeREG1 REGRklmn
uvwxyzCOMPO RES ENDINGS FEAGRAPH14 FEADEFGHIJINFO INFOopqrs7!!OD!u N!z!!%DO
!57(!m8!F!wS0C.24",#VS2!.R ( !.R!8z8! !!8G((£!82GSJCM"On2L2F2E!"*M"*B82FSH#",*"*
J"J!E42L*T EDITORIAL *B
EDITORIAL Welcome to another sizzling feature-packed issue of
your favourite (only !) disczine, CPC Domain. This isn't Simon weaving his m
agic with words this time, it's your PostBag Editor, Barrie Snell. Simon is g
oing through a bit of a bad patch at the moment (I won't go into the grisly d
etails) so this is something of a field-commission for me to full Editor. I ho
pe it won't last long because it's too much hard work. Anybody else want the jo
b You Do! You're crazy!! The old-timers amongst you will have seen quite a
few changes to the way that the zine is read, and this month is no different.
Double-height is brought back on-screen it makes presentation just that little
bit better don't you think Just what do you think We aren't getting much f
eedback. Don't worry, when you send a page containing a double-height heading
to your printer, the heading will be printed in single-height o N
nce, and not twice, as it used to do previously. I make no apologies for inc
luding a Calendar program this month. All the ones you have probably come acr
oss previously have contained one or more flaws. This one contains no flaws so
scrap all the rest you might have, and only use the one on this disc. See "E
ssential Calendar Info" on Domain issue 13. Also I won't apologise for the fact
that the 'Word Solve' program is 6128 and 6128+ only. If we at Domain HQ m
ade everything 464-compatible, then the 6128 owners would be missing out on
some great programs. You 464 owners really should upgrade with a 6128 ROM c
hip at £24.95 from GVL Microform 0772-701248. In response to much deep grumbl
ing about the amount of space taken up on Side 1 by the Domain SL files, the So
ftware lists will be rotated bi-monthly. A few of you have complained that so
me of the files to be read to the screen are so short (less than 24 lines)
that it is putting a great strain on your little pinkies with all that key-p
ressing, not to mention your patience. This has resulted in a change to the w
ay the Main Menu is presented. You see, we DO listen to you and take the appro
priate action. Next to some of the Menu entries you will see a '*' and below
it an entry or three will be prefixed by a '-'. The Menu cursor can be halted
on a '*' but not on a '-'. Before anybody writes in to say "But I can't choose
'- This article' from the Menu", THIS IS DELIBERATE ! The idea is that when
you stop the Menu cursor on a heading prefixed by a '*' and then press Enter,
that file, and all the ones below it which are prefixed by a '-' are loade
d into memory all at once and you can read them at your leisure. It saves a lot
of empty disc space. Call me thick if you wish to, but I have only just re
alized (whilst doing the compilation and editing of this issue) that there is
a quicker way to get the info on-screen. On the bottom line it says, "up-arrow
or down-arrow to scroll". Well there is no need to scroll a line at a time yo
u can scroll a screen-page at a time backwards or forwards by pressin
g Shift-up or Shift-down respectively. If you are at the end of an articl
e when it says The End or Continued, you can press Control-up to get back
to the beginning without scrolling one line at a time UP. Control-down puts yo
u back at the end again. How many of you bought issue 5 of CPC Attack On p
age 50 there is a scathing review of CPC Domain Disc Issue 11. It says, among o
ther things - "Plodding through it is tiresome". Corrected this issue.
"Too many details about the zine Empire". Combined into one file. "The amoun
t of Articles was pitiful". SL Library and On-Display reduced. Well that'
s enough from me, so I'll let you get on with your reading, and don't forget to
write to us about anything to do with the trusty CPC. *T
SUBSCRIBING TO CPC DOMAIN *B SUBSCRIBING TO CPC
DOMAIN Our subscriptions manager, John Fairlie, has now made it easier tha
n ever for you to subscribe to CPC Domain. At the moment you will be receivin
g your Domain disc from Bob Blanshard, then copying it to your own blank and
sending the Master back to Bob for the next issue. Now all this involves yo
ur time, not to mention the cost of postage and Jiffy bags, and the discs at
around £2.20 each. To make life easier, the general idea is as follows - For
each issue to which you wish to subscribe, send John the normal £1.25 subs f
ee (which includes postage!), plus another £1.60 for the disc. Bob will then
automatically mail your CPC Domain to you each month. So no more postage an
d packing costs, no more discs flying back and forth, and cheap discs into
the bargain!! What more incentive do you need Anyone with outstanding subscr
iptions can slot into the scheme by sending John £1.60 for each of the Domai
n issues which they have yet to receive, and he will send on your subscription
details to Bob Blanshard for automatic mailing. *T
MAKE A FRIEND HAPPY *B MAKE A FRIEND HAPPY J
ohn Fairlie, Subscriptions Manager says that if you give the name and address
of a person who puts in a subscription for 'at least' 4 issues of Domain, the
n you the sponsor will receive one issue of Domain gratis. ( Latin for FREE.)
EDITORIAL *B EDITORIAL
Welcome to another sizzling N, 6 Oakdene Way, Portslade BN41 2RQ. Tel 0273
-422603. I have all editions to date of Amstrad Action, Computing with the A
mstrad and Amstrad Computer User and can offer help in locating old program
s etc from these. Also I'm a BRUNWORD user (now on ROM, from disk). Contact-
C T Betts, 18 Browning Avenue, Thornhill Park, Southampton SO2 6PY. Most as
pects of BASIC programming. Using the 3D Construction Kit. Contact- Graeme Ches
ser, 44 Echline Grove, South Queensferry, West Lothian EH30 9RU*T
BETTER PROGRAMMING by Barrie Snell. *B BETTER PRO
GRAMMING by Barrie Snell. This article was prompted by a recent letter requ
esting readers to send in their programming hints, tricks, secrets, etc., for
sharing, and for some of the old hands to help fledgeling programmers in BASIC
. I have a couple of more routines up my sleeve and may write further in this
vein in the future, but I implore all you experts to send in YOUR favourite
tricks and essential subroutines for publication in CPC Domain. Go on, SHARE
IT ! SINGULAR AND PLURAL WORD-ENDINGS Before I start, let me say quite cl
early that this is NOT the only way to do it it is, however, the way that I (st
ressed) do it. As you are all aware, it takes 8 programmers to change a light
bulb 1 to change it and the other 7 to tell him how they could have done it bet
ter! O.K., here goes. Have you ever used a program which printed on-screen,
"You scored 98 points." Of course you have, but have you ever used a program
which printed the message "You scored 1 points." You almost certainly have d
one, because I know I have! This is completely wrong on the part of the prog
ram author, and indeed, makes what otherwise may have been a good working str
uctured program, into something that isn't thought of very highly by the end-us
er. This can be remedied in the following obvious way with the line below so
mewhere in the program. 50 PRINT "You scored" score "point" IF score1 THEN PR
INT "." ELSE PRINT "s." 60 ' rest of program here on I did say it was obvio
us, didn't I At this stage you'd be quite entitled to say, "So what Nothing
new in that." Well the relevant facts are that each new line number used tak
es up 5 bytes out of the 40,000 available for your program, and each tokenised
word such a PRINT or ELSE takes up 1 byte. In a large program lots of lines si
milar to the one above will consume a large chunk of memory. This is more t
han just academic. Just ask any programmer who has written a very large progra
m and has just thought of a new routine or facility that he wants to add to it.
More often than not he has run out of memory space, and must slog steadily
through the listing to make the previous code more efficient, and recove
r enough bytes to insert the new coding. An obvious example of this phil
osophy is --- yes, you've guessed correctly, Rambase. Look at the listing of th
e 6128 version given away free on an Amstrad Action covertape, and compare it
with the latest version, Rambase III. See what I mean I've gone through this
time-consuming process about 8 times with my own as-yet-unreleased "Cribbage".
Now consider the new line 50 below, which does the same job as the one above.
50 PRINT "You scored" score "point" e$(-(score1)) 'rest of program here on
Not only is the new line 50 shorter, but line 60 has disappeared, but where
did e$ come from Well, if somewhere in the first few lines of your program, o
r in your initialisation subroutine, you set e$(0)"s." and e$(1)"." (where e
$ is short for ending-of-word string) you will be able to write line 50 as show
n. It works like this. The boolean value of 'score1' will be TRUE if score
1 and it will be FALSE if score is anything else but 1. Now TRUE is represented
inside the computer as -1, and FALSE by 0. To see that this is so, in immedi
ate mode at the keyboard just type in PRINT 33 and press Enter, then do the sam
e with PRINT 35. Therefore if the value of score is not equal to 1, the v
alue of the expression (score1) will be 0 for FALSE and so we get the compu
ter to choose the word- ending e$(-(0)) e$(0) "s." to add onto the end of the
word "point". Otherwise if the value of score is 1, the value of the expressio
n (score1) will be -1 for TRUE, and the computer will choose the ending e$(-(-1
)) e$(1) "." You are not restricted to word-endings they can be singular
and plural words, as Nwell as continuation phrases. Some examples are- e$(
0)"s."e$(1)"." e$(2)"s and"e$(3)" and" e$(4)"pence"e$(5)"penny" Note tha
t these are grouped in the pairs 01 , 23 , 45, et cetera. You must make cert
ain that the first of each pair is the plural form. Say that the variabl
e d represents the number of pence to be printed we take note that the first
of the "pence" "penny" word-pair is e$(4) so must choose e$(4-(d1)) to get "
penny" if (d1) is TRUE, or "pence" otherwise. Obviously, if the relevant varia
ble is say, x, and you want to print either of the e$(0)e$(1) pair using the r
ule just given you would write PRINT e$(0-(x1)) but obviously in this case the
number 0 can be left out of the calculation. Bear in mind that the two ending
s "s." and "." will account for over 85% of the common plurals, with the other
15% comprising of continuation phrases such as "s and" and " and", also v
ery special endings for words like hippopotami and hippopotamus, or doggies a
nd doggy. I won't waste space here with a program listing, because on Side 1
is an example program for you to Load and List and Study, then you can Run it
. It is called ENDINGS.BAS . Don't forget to Reset the computer before Loading
it. So come on, send us some programming techniques or subroutines and sh
are your expertise with the rest of the people not as clever as you. So that y
ou don't feel under any pressure to get it in for the next issue of CPC Domain,
I will wait for 8 weeks for any submissions and at the end of that time I wil
l choose the one that I think to be the best and the author will receive a cop
y of MASTERFILE III on disc by Campbell Systems with a 75-page manual. This i
s worth £30.00 (see current magazines for adverts from MJC Supplies). It runs
on a 6128 or a 128k expanded 464/664 with disc drive. This is a very powerfu
l Relational Database, featuring parent / daughter files. It is written in mach
ine code so the speed of sorting and searching is phenomenal. There can be up
to 50 fields per record, and each field can be up to 240 characters long. But t
he out- standing feature is that it uses the 2nd bank of Ram and the fields
can be of variable length! This is unusual in a Database program, and it mea
ns that the 64k of the 2nd bank is about equal to 100k of storage space on a
conventional fixed-length Database. It will also import and export data to Pro
text / Promerge / Tasword, etc.. It has too many marvellous features to recoun
t here. Please send any contributions on disc with the main body of the ar
ticle (like this one) written with any word-processor at all, and a small pro
gram in BASIC which illustrates your technique, to me, Barrie Snell at 65 Bath
Road, Southsea, Portsmouth, HANTS PO4 OHX. DON'T send it to Simon Warford, an
d don't bother to include return postage for your disc. I'll send it back to yo
u free. I want to see anything and everything. Things like 'number-input v
alidation', 'disc-error trapping', 'very useful user-defined functions', and s
o on. All of you experts reading this will know exactly what I'm after and t
he novices will be drooling at the mouth as to what they can look forward to.
Now for a big BUT! BUT you're not going to get a fantastic program worth £30 for
just one routine. You will have to send a minimum of three text files and thr
ee routines. ( More if you want to stand a better chance of winning ). Sorry,
but them's the rules. Hoping to hear from you soon. ---------- BARRIE SNELL.
$ BETTER PROGRAMMING by Barrie Snell. *B BETTER P
ROGRAMMING by Barrie Snell. Thces will be drooling at the mouth as to what
they can look forward to. Now for a big BUT! BUT you're not going to get a fan
tastic program worth £30 for just one routine. You will have to send a minimum
of three text files and three routines. ( More if you want to stand a better
chance of winning ). Sorry, but them's the rules. Hoping to hear from you soon
. ---------- BARR*T HAVING TROUBLE WITH DISCS *B
HAVING TROUBLE WITH DISCS Some people have reported c
opying errors with their Domain discs, and this has been found to be due to t
heir discs being faulty. The copying program used by Bob Blanshard to produc
e the copies of CPC Domain is COPY6128.BIN, and this will not detect if the des
tination data is written correctly. So if you have a fault in the disc oxide,
and this happens to be where a program or N text file is writ
ten, then you are going to have problems! I know many people use their oldest
/cheapest disc for sending through the post, on the basis that it may be lost
or damaged in transit, but this really is a false economy. To help all s
ubscribers, we've added a disc formatter to this issue on Side 1 and this wi
ll cater for discs with faulty tracks/sectors. What happens is that if the fo
rmatter finds a fault with the disc, it writes that part to a file called
CORRUPTE.D. Then, when you write other files to the disc, That part will be se
en as used and the file will be written only to a good part. Clever eh So, i
f you format your disc and get a corrupted file generated THEN THE DISC IS NO
GOOD FOR SENDING TO BOB. We are giving you this program in the hope that it s
aves your time and our time, as well as making your faulty discs useable again.
One final warning - Please do NOT format your one and only copy of CPC Doma
in! If you do, Bob will be charging you a re-copy fee of 50p plus postage. We
only re-copy for free when it's our fault! HAVING TROUBLE WITH DISCS
Some peopleClever eh So, if you format your disc and get a corrupted file ge
nerated THEN THE DISC IS NO GOOD FOR SENDING TO BOB. We are giving you this p
rogram in the hope that it saves your time and our time, as well as making your
faulty discs useable again. One final warning - Please do NOT format your
one and only copy of CPC Domain! If you do, Bob will be charging you a r*T
GRAPHICS PRINTING FROM BASIC *B
GRAPHICS PRINTING FROM BASIC If you want to do a graphics print of the scr
een, you are more than likely to use one of the machine code routines that
are readily available. There is nothing wrong in this, but it does not al
ways give you what you really want. For a start, the print can be the wrong si
ze. Some routines print the screen in landscape fashion, printing the top
row of the screen first and working downwards, and some do it in portrait
fashion, printing the left hand side of the screen first, and working across
the screen. Then there may be differences in print quality. Some routi
nes are aimed at sixteen colour Mode 0 screens, some at four colour Mode 1 sc
reens, and some at two colour Mode 2. Finally, almost all the routines availab
le, at least all the ones I know of, print the whole of the screen. If you
want only part of the screen, or a small window within it, you are likely
to be out of luck. The chances are that none of the graphics print programs y
ou have will be ideal, and the answer has to be to write your own! This may
appear to be the end of the road if you know little about machine code. But do
not despair, this is not necessary. It is true that there are advantages to le
arning machine code and speed of graphics printing is one of them. But if you
don't mind a time penalty, BASIC can do all you want quite readily. FIRST LE
T'S TALK ABOUT TEXT PRINTING Bear in mind that when you print normally, s
ending text to be printed, the computer will send one byte of information for
each character to be printed. If you want to print a capital A, this is th
e 65th letter of the ASCII character set, and the computer will send the bina
ry code for 65 to the printer. This particular binary code is 01000001. S
o of the eight wires running between computer and printer, two will have a
'high' voltage on them, and six will have a 'low' voltage and these will be in
the combination of the 0's and 1's in the binary code. This will last for a
fraction of a second, and then the computer will send the byte for the next
character to be printed. All eight bits of the byte of information were sent
at once, ie, in parallel, hence the name of the printer interface, Parallel.
What I am leading up to here is that the actual shape of the A was not sen
t by the computer. Font information comes from the printer. When the p
rinter receives the code for the 65th letter of the ASCII character set, it
knows it must print a capital A, because both computer and printer conform t
o the same ASCII standard. The print head (let's assume you have a stand
ard 9 pin dot matrix printer), consists of a vertical column of 9 tiny pins.
As the print head moves across the paper these pins are fired outwards, t
hrough the ribbon, and pressing it against the paper. This puts a tiny dot
on the paper. If all th Ne pins were fired at the same time you would en
d up with a small vertical line on the paper. So when the printer has to
print a capital A it will fire most of the lower pins, move a fraction to
the right, fire some more pins, move a fraction to the right, fire some of th
e top pins to form the top of the A, and middle pins to form the cross of th
e A, move a fraction to the right, and so on until the whole character is print
ed. Which pins are fired on each tiny horizontal movement of the head is dete
rmined by the PRINTER. It gets this information from the built in memory that
the manufacturer loaded with this font information when he designed and
built the printer. GRAPHICS PRINTING In graphics printing, the essential
difference is that the print head will fire its pins only once for each byte
of information received from the computer. Which pins are fired are determi
ned solely by the binary code sent. So, if the computer sends code 65 (010000
01) again, but the printer is in graphics mode, then only two of the pins wi
ll fire once and that is it for that byte. Think of this sequence of 1's and 0
's arranged as a column representing eight of the nine pins. A 1 means the pin
will be fired, a 0 means the pin will not be fired. You will now not end
up with a capital A on the paper, but only two tiny dots, one above the other.
For interest, in text printing, eight of the nine pins are used to produce te
xt characters and the ninth pin is used to do underlining. Let's now get back
to the job in hand, printing part of the screen as a graphic image. All the
screen consists of is a matrix of graphics coordinates, 640 horizontally,
by 400 vertically. Let's think about a Mode 2 screen. Each position is
either illuminated or not. If it is illuminated, we want to print a tiny dot,
if it is not, we want to print nothing and move on to the next position
. So all we need to do is put the printer in graphics mode and set up a FOR/
NEXT loop for each row of pixels on the screen. The state of each pixel will
be determined by the BASIC command TEST. The TEST command returns the pen nu
mber that that position was written with. If we have a Mode 2 screen then
each position was either written with Pen 1, or be background paper written in
Pen 0. So we can say IF TEST(row,col)1 THEN PRINT CHR$(1) ELSE PRINT CHR$(0
) where row and col are the 640 columns of 400 rows of the screen. That must
be done for every graphics position. CHR$(1) will send the bit pattern 000
00001 and CHR$(0) will send the bit pattern 00000000. So if we had a dot
on the screen we will get a dot on the printer. PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE
The first thing to do is decide what area of the screen you want to print a
nd what size you want the finished printed image. If you want it big then
you need to print in Portrait mode, printing the whole of the left side
of the screen first and finishing on the right hand side. If you want smaller
prints, no wider than the width of A4 say, then go for landscape mode. The
printer offers a number of graphics modes single density, double density, dou
ble speed, double density, quadruple density etc. Usually the printer manual w
ill say how many dots per inch each relate to. My printer manual gives the
following- DENSITY CODES TO BE SENT
Normal Density 60 dots per inch ESC "K" n1 n2 Double D
ensity 120 dots per inch ESC "L" n1 n2 Quad Density
240 dots per inch ESC "Z" n1 n2 CRT Graphics mode 1 80 dots p
er inch ESC "*" 42 4 n1 n2 CRT Graphics mode 2 90 dots per i
nch ESC "*" 42 6 n1 n2 So if you want to print 640 horizontal do
ts at 120 dots to the inch, this will give a print 5.33 inches wide. Unless
you have a wide carriage printer, prints will have to be less than 8 inches wi
de in any case so you can't print a full screen in landscape mode using norma
l density. This would be done sideways. OK, so let's program. The first thi
ng to do is reset the printer (codes 27 64) and turn off perforation skip (cod
es 27 79) in case your DIP switches are set to skip it. Finally, we do not wan
t BASIC to send carriage returns after so many characters which it normally d
oes, so we use the WIDTH command to turn off that feature with WIDTH 255. Our
first line is- 10 PRINT #8,CHR$(27)CHR$(64)CHR$(27)CHR$( N79)WIDTH 255 W
e now need to adjust the line spacing. It is no good having the line spacing
at the normal one sixth of an inch. That would be far too much for each row o
f pixels. The codes for this are 27 51 followed by the number of 180ths of
an inch you need. By trial and error, and to keep the length and width o
f the print in proportion, I have found 3 to be about right. The second line i
s- 20 PRINT #8,CHR$(27)CHR$(51)CHR$(3) Now we can get down to the nitty gr
itty. Let's print the full Mode 2 screen in landscape mode, using double dens
ity graphics. The top left hand corner of the screen has graphics coordinates
of 0,400 so we are starting at row 400 working to row 0. In Mode 2, we can
afford to do only every alternate row as each pixel scans two rows. So our thi
rd line is- 30 FOR y%400 TO 0 STEP -2 By the way, you can easily change t
he above line if you only wanted to print part of the screen. Just change t
he 400 to the top graphics coordinate you want to print, and the 0 to the lower
coordinate. Now we can go into graphics mode. The graphics command given a
bove consists of ESC "L" followed by two codes n1 and n2. The two numbers
n1 and n2 tell the printer how long to stay in graphics mode. There is no
command to turn off graphics printing, it just reverts to normal printing af
ter the defined number of bytes have been sent. n2 is the number of whole 256'
s of bytes and n1 is the remainder. So 640 consists of two lots of 256 makin
g 512 and that leaves 128. So n2 is 2 and n1 is 128. But just a minute.
The CPC range (not the Plus range) only has a 7 bit printer interface and yo
u cannot send codes above 127. You therefore have to make sure that the 'rem
ainder' is never between 128 and 255. The alternative is to buy an 8 bit p
rinter port, or upgrade to a PLUS computer! Let's suffice to print only 639
horizontal, points. n2 is 2 and n1 is 127. Line 40 is- 40 PRINT #8,CHR$(2
7)"L"CHR$(127)CHR$(2) You will notice that it is now vital to include the
"" at the end of print statements to suppress the carriage return and line
feed that would otherwise occur. These would count as two of our next 639
characters. We can now send the code for each pixel position across the row.
So we say- 50 FOR x%1 to 639 and the most important line 60 IF TEST(x%,
y%)1 THEN PRINT #8,CHR$(3) ELSE PRINT #8,CHR$(0) You will note that I have us
ed CHR$(3) when I said before I was going to use CHR$(1). This is because w
e are using a step of -2 in line 30, ie, looking at every alternate graphics
row. We therefore need to fire two pins if the pixel is illuminated and 3 i
s 11 in binary and 11 is two pins! We then continue for each of the 639 posi
tions along the top row with 70 NEXT That will conclude all the bytes for
which we went into graphics mode. We can now send a carriage return to get t
he print head back to the left, and a line feed to move the paper those 4/18
0ths of an inch forward. 80 PRINT #8,CHR$(13)CHR$(10) We now do the next r
ow in the same way with NEXT and when all is done we reset the printer's line
spacing by a total reset, making the final line 90 NEXTPRINT #8,CHR$(27)CHR$
(64) So that is it. I have included a program called GRAPHICS.BAS on side 1
of this disc which draws a nice picture, then goes into the above routine to
print it, but make sure your printer is on-line before you RUN it! You can no
w easily see how to print only part of the screen, and how to print in differ
ent qualities. If you want to print in portrait mode, you change over the two
FOR/NEXT loops. If you have a 24 pin printer, you do not need to worry.
The above graphics commands still perform 8 bit graphics printing on a 24 pi
n or inkjet printer. You will have another command for 24 bit graphics printing
, and this article may have given you more of an insight into how to use
it. You can change the program and re run it to see the effects it gives.
If you want to print the different shades of a Mode 0 or Mode 1 screen, then the
program will have to be made more complex. You may also be inclined to speed
up the above program. If you succeed, I shall be pleased to hear how you did
it. A full screen takes some 12 minutes to print, long enough to do the washi
ng up, or take the dog for a walk. Well, I did tell you there would be advan
tages to learning machine code! John Fairlie PRINTING FROM BASIC If you
wan N*T NEWS *B
NEWS If you live abroad and subscribe, or are thinking about su
bscribing, have a look at our newly updated subscription details. The prices
have been reduced. So now you can get the best CPC fanzine available at even
cheaper prices. And when you realise that you have preferential access at
the lowest possible prices to the LARGEST CPC PD library available, well, you
know it makes sense. Good news for printer owners with cartridge-type rib
bons (not those horrible Amstrad efforts, with a felt wheel). We all know how
expensive they are, about £5 a go. A re-inking service is available from Graham
Wilson at 8 Davenport Rd, Bullbrook, Bracknell, Berks RG12 2RJ. Prices are £1
.40 for one, or £1 each for two. Write to Graham for details or 'phone James on
0344-421921. Just to update you all, Phil Craven is still alive and well
and advertising under the name AVATAR. The address is 39 Crossfell Road,
Leverstock Green, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP3 8RG. Tel 0442-251706. That rem
inds me of an old telly series called 'No Hiding Place'. That shows my age, do
esn't it Anybody using ROMDOS, RAMDOS, MS800, et al, Siren Software have br
ought out a new product called ROMDOS XL. They offer an up-grade service for y
our existing ROMDOS etc.. Phone 061-724-7572 for more details. Just in case
anybody is confused by the bit on the right hand side of page 23 of the Octob
er edition of CPC Attack!, subscriptions should NOT be sent to Glasgow, bu
t to John Fairlie instead. Note the new PostBag address. Read the IN-TOUCH
& HELPLINE pages for details from Stefan Kuhs, who hails from Germany, about g
etting CPC fanzines from the European scene. Remember, CPC Domain is run for
your benefit and information, so if you have any comments, criticism (constr
uctive, please) or ideas for a feature, drop us a line.
NEWS If you live abroad and subscribe, *T
PASCAL TUTORIAL No. 3 *B PASCAL TUTORIAL No. 3
Did you manage to suss-out what the procedure Gotoxy(x,y) did last time pr
ocedure Gotoxy(x,y integer) begin write(chr(27),'Y',chr(y+31),chr(x+31)) e
nd of procedure Gotoxy) Well a quick glance at the CPC 6128 manual about Esc
code sequences will inform us how to place the cursor at a given screen locati
on in CP/M Plus. Top left is 1,1 - next line down starts at 1,2 etc. It's
very similar to Basic's locate statement. (I have in fact made this procedu
re exactly matching that of Turbo Pascal for compatibility reasons which has 'g
otoxy' as a standard procedure). x and y are parameters passed to the procedu
re by the calling program. Eg - program junk var i,j integer procedur
e Clrscr begin write(chr(27),'H',chr(27),'E') end of procedure Clrscr pr
ocedure Gotoxy(x,y integer) begin write(chr(27),'Y',chr(y+31),chr(x+31)) e
nd of procedure Gotoxy) begin of program junk Clrscr for i1 to 10 do b
egin for j1 to 10 do begin gotoxy(i,j) write('A') e
nd of loop j end of loop i end. of program junk If you create and compile
this you will see what it does. Note that to 'call' the procedure we just n
ame it (upper and lower case is irrelevant). In the program gotoxy has th
e parameter variables i & j passed to it which are then taken into procedur
e gotoxy as x & y respectively. Note that x & y in procedure gotoxy have no ot
her meaning anywhere else in the program, and they lose their identity when w
e exit the gotoxy procedure. POWERFUL STUFF
This is a powerful part of Pascal so that different procedures can use the s
ame named variables but their values are only valid within the procedure. In
Basic we are generally confined to 'global' variables where every subroutine
can act on all the available variables sometimes with unknown results. The f
low of Pascal will determine which variables are global and which are 'lo
cal' - those relevant only to the procedure or function. In the program Junk
above, the variables i & j are defined before the procedure, so gotoxy could in
fact manipulate i or j if we so wish. x & y are only defined within gotoxy.
You will note here, that as with variables, procedures HAVE to be defined bef
ore they are used. I will give an example of the preceding heavy words on pro
cedures to make Nthings a little more clear - Program JRT004 var i,j,k
integer procedure Changexy(x,y integer) var k integer begin kxxyy
k end procedure Changeij(var x,y integer) var k integer begin kxxy
yk end procedure Changeqr(var x integer y integer) begin kxxyyk end
begin program JRT004 i10j99k1000 Changexy(i,j) writeln(i,' ',j,' ',k)
i10j99k1000 Changeij(i,j) writeln(i,' ',j,' ',k) i10j99k1000 Cha
ngeqr(i,j) writeln(i,' ',j,' ',k) end. of JRT004 If you create and compil
e JRT004.PAS on side 1 of this disk-zine, then you will see what happens. In
theory each procedure should swap the two numbers i & j around when the two
actual numbers are passed to them. The variable k should alter each time.
Well what actually happens confirms ideas about variables being 'live' onl
y throughout the procedure within which they occur. Changexy does in fact do
nothing globally. The variables x & y within Changexy are changed and local v
ariable 'k' takes the value of i within Changexy. The global variable 'k' r
emains unchanged. The first writeln statement confirms this as the output
is - 10 99 1000 Changeij actually swaps the values of the variable i & j. T
he difference here is the 'var' bit within the definition of the procedure
makes the procedure affect the actual variables. Again global 'k' is unchange
d. The second writeln prints out - 99 10 1000 In the procedure Changeqr,
only one of the parameters in the definition is designated 'var', so in ef
fect only 'x' (actual parameter 'i') is altered. I haven't defined k within
this procedure so we should expect global variable 'k' to assume the value of
x (actual 'i'). The writeln should show - 99 99 10
HEAVY GOING & HEAVIER GOING This may all seem like heavy going, but per
severe and play around with simple procedures to get a bit of confidence. Yo
u will rapidly see the benefits of procedures like 'SWAPVALUES' rather than G
OSUB 8000. For a bit heavier going what about a procedure calling itself - r
ecursion. RECURSION In Basic a subrouti
ne calling itself is fraught with all sorts of problems. In Pascal it becomes
easier - although there are very few times we actually use this facility.
One such example though is 'factorials', you know - a factorial of a number i
s that number multiplied by its predecessor etc down to 1. E.g factorial 7
7x6x5x4x3x2x1 5040. We can see that factorial 7 7 * factorial 6 7 * 6 *
factorial 5 etc. The following program shows the principle and introduces
Functions - program JRT005 var i integer function factorial1(j integ
er) real begin if j0 then factorial11.0 else factorial1j*facto
rial1(j-1) end function factorial2(j integer) real var temp real i
integer begin temp1.0 for i1 to j do temptemp*i factorial2temp
end begin for i0 to 10 do writeln(factorial1(i),' ',factorial2(i))
end. Factorial1 is the recursive function and Factorial2 is the non-
recursive equivalent. You will note that functions and procedures are structur
ed the same only functions have the bit defining what type the function is (in
our case both of type real). See also how we enable the function to return a
value by making the function name equal to the required output. The recursiv
e function Factorial1 keeps calling itself until a value is returned to the pre
vious call and so on until the function ends. As with Procedures, Functions c
an have nice names and a 'library' of personal ones can be built up and incl
uded in future programs if you need them. To be honest recursion is something
that I hardly ever use, but is some cases it does provide for very neat soluti
ons - only it's hard to work out the actual procedure in the first place.
E.g. fractal stuff can be made easier with recursion (but don't ask me a
bout it). As with most all things in Pascal you must define Functions a
nd Procedures before they are used. So if one procedure uses another or a
function, then those must be defined first. So what if you want one pr
ocedure to call a second, and then the second to call the first Well the way a
round this dilemma is to declare one of the procedures or functions as '
forward' to show it Ns existence further in the program. E.g. procedure A(
x,y integer) forward procedure B begin A(i,j) end procedure A begin
B end Notice here that the parameters for procedure A are only required o
nce in the initial definition. I haven't found many times where I need thi
s particular usage, but it is worth knowing about - just in case.
GENERAL LAYOUT We have seen in general that a Pas
cal program consists of the following structure - Program myfile
Const list of constants A few comments dotted about
Type list of declared types Var list of program variables
(* to help 'readability' of the prog *) Procedure 1 Procedure 2
begin ........ ........ end. where also each proc
edure follows a similar format except that 'program' is left out, and the last
'end' ends with a ''. As you can see, the structure of any Pascal program is
therefore the same, and hence it is possible to understand source code wri
tten by another person (albeit to a certain degree). The structure is
also very simple and writing small programs to do some work for you isn't too d
ifficult. Basic is also easy, but suffers from the generally unstructu
red approach by code writers. Most new Basics, particularly PC Basics, though
are very structured and show a resemblance to Pascal. They still can becom
e untidy. Other languages like COBOL, if you've seen the recent excellent s
eries in WACCI, take a bit of time to get into and writing small programs is
not really what that language is for as the layout to just get things underway
are very precise and strict. BASIC STUFF
To end with this time, I'll look at a few pieces of arithmetic info we all ne
ed to know to get the best out of calculations - Is that moaning and groani
ng I hear Well we still have to know it. In Basic we are (or should be) fam
iliar with these - +,/, (integer division),-,*,,AND,OR,XOR,NOT Pascal has
them too (except ), but it includes a couple of others MOD & DIV. DIV
replaces the and is integer division MOD gives us the remainder after int
eger division. For example 23 DIV 7 3 23 MOD 7 2
91 DIV 100 0 91 MOD 100 91 17 DIV 17 1 17 MOD 17
0 Two more useful (standard) functions are TRUNC and ROUND. These a
re both similar to Basic's INT. TRUNC operates on reals and rounds towards
0. ROUND also operates on reals and rounds to the nearest integer (similar
to Basic's INT). These two functions are really 'mapping' functions from rea
l to integer. Again an example is worth loads of words - TRUNC(13.4) 1
3 TRUNC(-13.4) -13 TRUNC(13.5) 13 TRUNC(-13.5) -13 TRUNC(13
.6) 13 TRUNC(-13.6) -13 ROUND(13.4) 13 ROUND(-13.4) -13
ROUND(13.5) 14 ROUND(-13.5) -14 ROUND(13.6) 14 ROUND(-13.6) -14
ABS works as expected (on reals or integers). SQR(x) returns the square of
x, again x can be real or integer. SQR should be used whenever the expressi
on to be squared is more complicated than a single constant or variable. A c
ouple of commonly used statements in a lot of languages are - xx-1 and y
y+1, where x & y can be expressions. In C we have things like x++, x--, ++x,
--x etc. In Pascal we can use this - SUCC(x) gives the immediate succe
ssor of x if it exists PRED(x) gives the immediate predecessor of x if it
exists For example if x is integer then SUCC(x)x+1, PRED(x)x-1. Two more
standard functions are CHR and ORD. These are similar to Basic's CHR$ and ASC
. CHR & CHR$ are in fact the same, with CHR(65) giving the character 'A'.
ORD is fundamentally different and means the ordinal number. So for the sta
ndard ASCII character set, ORD('A') equals 65. We can use ORD in SET TYPES (
more about sets later). If our set contains (club,diamond,heart,spade) then
ORD(club)0 and ORD(spade)3. Can you see what's going on here Similarly
PRED(heart)diamond and SUCC(club)diamond. These last couple of sentences star
t showing the power of Pascal over Basic in its use of language concept. To
leave in my normal fashion with a puzzle, what do you think PRED(club) and SUC
C(spade) are all about So until next time, practice perfect Pascal.
N / /--ndy PS. Did
you spot last time's deliberate errors Well if you didn't, the program JRT
003.PAS contains the line - i byte JRT Pascal doesn't actually accept by
te as a valid data type, so the compiler will fall over at that line. I ap
ologise for this blooper on my behalf. You can of course replace 'byte' with
integer and all will be well. I did say errors didn't I Well the other i
s with the output of that program with 'real' variables. Re-compile JRT003 (wi
th byte replaced with integer) and see the output. Again I'm sorry if I misle
d you slightly, but I'm used to using Turbo Pascal v3 (it is better). Still fr
om now on I'll make doubly sure of my coding. These problems always seem t
o turn up when you're learning something new don't they, and tend to put you
off. Still the JRT compiler error did give a clue to the problem saying somet
hing like - ---- Syntax error in constant %Warning Invalid variable or dat
a type declaration The compiler will then try the next line and generally abo
rt the process totally with another error message. If you've been waiting all
this time for a solution then once again I'm sorry. UTORIAL No. 3 Did you m
anage to oblems always seem to turn up when you're learning something new don'
t they, and tend to put you off. Still the JRT compiler error did give a clue
to the problem saying something like - ---- Syntax error in constant %Wa
rning Invalid variable PUTTING THE DATE INTO SUPERCALC 07 Sep 92
John Hudson In CPCD 11 John Fairlie asked for an uncorrupted copy
of DATTIM.COM. I suspect that it may not be corrupted - it has simply got beyo
nd its 'sell by' date. My copy of DATTIM began to give weird screen responses a
bout two years ago and I suspect it has simply got to the end of the dates
it was programmed to calculate correctly. It still does the essential job o
f placing the date in BCD and US format in locations 10H to 12H where Supercalc
looks for it. If John can still input the correct date - whatever weird r
esponse DATTIM throws up on the screen - and then load a spreadsheet and ge
t Supercalc to respond with the correct date (in US format) then his copy is
not corrupted. Someone realised a few years ago that all the then versions of
UNIX could only calculate the date up to the end of this century - I don't
know whether this has been fixed. CP/M Plus will run out of date numbers
some time in the twenty-second century but I'm sure any remaining users wi
ll have worked out a way to get round that problem by then. John's letter ha
s however prompted me to pick up a project I started several years ago - to
write a program which will read the CP/M date and place it in locations 10H to
12H. I have completed it, called it SC2DATE.COM and sent it to Graeme Chesser
. I have also enclosed a copy for possible inclusion with this piece it's in
this issue - Barrie . SC2DATE.COM assumes that you have used DATE.COM or the
Dk'tronics Real Time Clock to put in the correct CP/M date and reads this rathe
r than asking for user input. It will therefore only work with CP/M Plus. I t
hink it will work OK until 2027 but, if it doesn't, I'll try and fix it before
then! 3.5" DISC FORMATS The 'problems' which people have with 3.5" disc d
rives arise from the ways in which AMSDOS and CP/M recognise disc formats.
Both come with 'built-in' specifications for both A and B drives. So you c
an use a 3.5" drive without any problems if you do not change the specification
s. This gives you only 178K and no use of the other side. The AMSDOS specif
ications are held in ROM 7 getting AMSDOS to use any other specifications inv
olves loading an RSX to intercept calls to ROM 7. However programs like Mini
-Office II which grab every last byte of memory will not run with an RSX pres
ent. Programs which do not need every last byte will run from drive B provided
the code makes calls to the default drive and not to drive A. The CP/M spe
cifications are usually held on disc CP/M 2.2 always looks for them on driv
e A. So the only way to use a 3.5" drive B with CP/M 2.2 is to alter the s
pecifications on the disc in drive A (which must be a CP/M system format disc
). Like AMSDOS, CP/M 2.2 will run any program from drive B which makes calls
to the default drive rather than to drive A. CP/M Plus loads the specificat
i Nons into banked RAM it finds them on the disc in drive A if you have CP/
M Plus on disc or in ROM if you have the Graduate ROMs. Thereafter it always
looks at banked RAM for the specifications. So you can change the specs and
the disc formats you are using as many times as you want in one session - whi
ch is what programs like RAMDOS+.COM let you do. Since you do not need to k
eep a CP/M system format disc in drive A, you can also change the specificati
ons of drive A to read single-sided PCW 3" discs and you could change the speci
fications of a 3.5" drive B to those of the new PCWs. You can even run generic
CP/M programs, that is, ones which do not make PCW specific calls, from any
suitable PCW format disc. Nevertheless, as with AMSDOS and CP/M 2.2, you can o
nly run programs from drive B which make calls to the default drive rather than
to drive A. POUND SIGNS IN SUPERCALC Supercalc can easily be patched to
show pound signs instead of dollar signs the method was described in Amstrad
Professional Computing May 1987 and Amstrad PCW August 1987. Copy SC2.COM,
SC2.OVL, SET.COM and SID.COM to a fresh disc - to avoid any accidents wit
h your original copy of Supercalc. Use SET.COM to make the SC2 files RW then
make sure something like the following appears on your screen Asid #rsc2.co
m NEXT MSZE PC END 7080 7080 0100 D2FF #s58ca 58CA 24 23 58CB 77 . #s5a2
5 5A 25 24 23 5A 26 77 . #wsc2.com 00DFH records(s) written. #rsc2.ovl NEX
T MSZE PC END 5000 7080 0100 D2FF s1589 1589 24 23 158A 20 . #wsc2.ovl 0
09Eh record(s) written. # (now press return to exit from SID) A Use S
ET.COM to make the SC2 files RO again. The patch works by replacing the doll
ar character (24) with the hash character (23) using LANGUAGE 3 before running
Supercalc causes the hash character to be replaced on the screen by the pound s
ign. If you then set any Epson or Hewlett Packard compatible printer to IS
O language 3, the pound sign will appear instead of the hash character at p
rintout. Most daisywheel printers also have an England character set in which
the hash sign is replaced by the pound sign. You can now put your original
copy of SC2 away and create a new start of day SC2 disc. You can then stun
you PC acquaintances by selecting User-defined Formats, saying Y to floating
pound signs and producing spreadsheets containing floating pound signs. JOHN
HUDSON. Huddersfield. Thanks John, a very useful set of contributions inde
ed. We need more letters like this. I hope readers can see the value of a magaz
ine produced on disc now, because the paper versions can't carry machine code f
iles!! Anybody with Supercalc problems can now stop tearing their hair out, an
d write to the Supercalc genius at - 79 Longley Road, Almondbury, Huddersfield
HD5 8JN. In CPCD 11 Jo signs and producing spreadsheets containing floatin
g pound signs. JOHN HUDSON. Huddersfield. Thanks John, a very useCOMPRES
SING CPC DOMAIN 13 Sep 92 Chris Hill Wel
l done. The CPC Domain is very much improved in both layout/presentation and c
ontent. Loved the Prog, it was excellent. Could you please explain how to save
certain articles and delete others so that it cuts out duplication yet retains
the Menu I want to save 1 issue on one side of a disc and another issue on the
other side of the disc. Last week I bought a new 6128 Plus for £171. Sadly,
Brunword products will not run on this machine. The only P.D. that I cannot ge
t to run is one that I often used, Multi Fax by Magic Software. This allows
Muliface2 saved programs to be run without the Multiface. What is the best 'wi
dget' to get to connect my mouse and Multiface to my new machine Any features
in Domain on the Plus machines would be welcomed, as would Adventure g
ames, other libraries, and the European and Australian P.D. scenes. CHRIS HIL
L. Bradford. Well Chris, thanks on behalf of all the Team for your kind com
ments. Regarding saving 2 Domains on 1 disc. (I'm assuming an ordinary 3" 1
78k disc here, NOT the 800k 3.5" exotic variety.) This can be done in two way
s. Firstly you could, with a printer, get a hard-copy of any items of a tec
hnical or informative nature, then delete that particular file from the
disc and release the space. Also, after reading them on screen and making your
selections you can delete all of the software library SL files. Read through
the NPostBag letters and write down on a piece of paper anything you are in
terested in, then delete all the POST.xx files. The next obvious contenders f
or deletion are the DISPLAYx.SQZ files of the cartoon series for On-Display
. If you delete the initial loading picture screen "titlescr.een" and the mu
sic-playing "music.bas" you will recover another 30k of disc space. After havi
ng done all this lot, you will the need to round it off by making a note of th
e file-names you've deleted and amend the Menu program "diskzine.bas" from lin
e 500 onwards. To get rid of the "music.bas" however, you would have to amend
the loader program "disk.bas". A second way just might enable you to store
the essence of 4 (yes 'four') CPC Domains on one 3" disc (2 each side) usin
g the above principles. For example, let's just look at side 1 of the dis
c. Side 2 follows the same general principles. Say you wanted to store Dom
ain 11 and Domain 12 on Side 1 of your 3" disc. Go through the procedures fo
r the first way, then put a 'marker' into the remaining files for each issue in
the form of '11' or '12' respectively for ALL the remaining files of th
e relevant issue, (not forgetting to re-write the relevant file-choosing part
of lines 500 onwards of the Menu program "diskzine.bas"). For example, the file
"disk.bas" for issue 11 would be re-named "disk11.bas" and for issue 12 would
be "disk12.bas" This is getting more and more complicated by the the minute, an
d although I know what I'm thinking of, it would take about 40k of this disc
to explain in exact detail and as you asked the question in the first place I a
ssume that by now you will be completely baffled, though that isn't my intentio
n. O.K. Chris, to save you from further confusion, just send me for now, Domai
n 11 and Domain 12 original discs, and ONE blank disc. Tell me what files fr
om the Menu for each you wish to retain and I will do the necessary conversion
for you. When this is done to your satisfaction, (depending on the number of
files you want to keep), I might then be able to copy another issue of Domain
to each side making 4 in all. About Brunning products. The big Brunword advert
s in AA and CPC Attack advertise products that are 6128 Plus-compatible. Per
haps you should write to Peter Brunning directly. He is known to be extreme
ly helpful to individual letters. A 'European P.D. scene' is in the pipe-line s
hortly. THANX / NOTEPAD PROBLEMS 09 Sep 92
Alan Booth The main reason for my writing is to say how helpful the "Help O
ffered " section has been to me, I use a DMP 3000 Amstrad printer and ever sinc
e I bought it, it has given me trouble by printing a carriage return and a li
ne feed no matter what position the DIP switch was in, I even wrote to Amstr
ad and got what seems to be the usual reply 'see a dealer', then, last issue I
was looking through the 'zine and saw Peter Harrison of Leicester offering hel
p on, as he says, almost anything to do with the CPC, so I phoned him and
after I had explained my problem he said to isolate pin 14 on the keyboa
rd printer output port and everything should be OK, which I did and BINGO,
I now have a printer that works properly, and after the trouble that I have ha
d, I could hardly believe that it was just so easy. I would also like to s
ay, Thanks very much to all the people who contribute to providing a First Cl
ass magazine for CPC enthusiasts, each and every one of you gets my thanks and
appreciation. I will most certainly now be renewing my subscription, so once a
gain, thanks for a good magazine at a very reasonable price. By the way, am
I the only 'thicky' that reads the magazine, because I can't get the Notepad.B
as program that was in Issue 12 to run properly. It comes up with a "DATE." no
t found message. Seeing as there were no complaints in No. 13 I am wondering
if the problem is me. Maybe you can help ALAN BOOTH. Halifax. Thankx fo
r the kind comments Alan. Everybody please note that I will publish letters of
complaint as well, if the criticism is constructive. The only thing I will cut
out from a letter is any offensive language the rest is left in, warts and all
. The NOTEPAD program in Issue 12 is not worth running Alan. There is a way t
o get it to work by creating a DATE file from the Menu, but this program must
surely be one of the front contenders for 'Worst Program Of The Decade'! The
document file was atrociously written too. Soft Nware of this poor quality
will not grace the oxide coating of Domain discs in future, I assure you. You
r best bet is to erase the appropriate 'notepad' files from side 1 and forget a
bout it. n Booth The main reason for my writing is to say how12 is not wort
h running Alan. There is a way to get it to work by creating a DATE file from
the Menu, but this program must surely be one of the front contenders for 'Wo
rst Program Of The Decade'! The document file was atrociously written too. So
ftTASWORD & ROMBOARDS 09 Sep 92 Alan Sn
ow In issue 13 you have an article "Essential Utilities - The Final Enzed
Item". This article includes the statement, "Tasword can not be operated
with a Romboard in operation if you wish to use function keys that have be
en defined with your address, etc.." This statement is not true, at least i
n my experience. I have two ROMs fitted, UTOPIA and ODDJOB, and I never turn t
hem off. I use a customised copy of Tasword in which 5 function keys have been
defined as shown below. 20 KEY 0,CHR$(13)+SPACE$(22)+" my address here "+CHR
$(13)+CHR$(13) +SPACE$(32)+" my phone number " 25 KEY 4," address "+CHR$(
13)+CHR$(13)+CHR$(13)+SPACE$(28)+" phone " 30 KEY 138,"Dear"+CHR$(13)+CHR$(13)
+"Thankyou for your letter of " 40 KEY 1,"Yours sincerely"+CHR$(13)+CHR$(13)+"
A.J. Snow" 50 KEY 2,"Yours faithfully"+CHR$(13)+CHR$(13)+"A.J. Snow" The 's
ecret' is to load Tasword in the usual way, go into Basic (CONTROL-ENTER, then
B), then type RUN" (ENTER). Subscribers who use a 3.5" disc drive as drive
B may be interested to know that Tasword can be copied onto a 400k-formatted
3.5" disc. The files tasword.bas, tascode2.bin and tascode3.bin can be copied
in the usual manner. Tascode1.bin is more difficult, but can be copied by typin
g and running the following listing - 10 MEMORY 6399 LOAD "tascode1.bin"
20 POKE 6754,32 POKE 6755,32 POKE 6768,32 POKE 6769,32 30 POKE 6782,32 PO
KE 6783,32 B 40 SAVE "tascode1,bin",b,6400,14080 ALAN SNOW. Cambridgeshir
e. Brilliant stuff Alan, much appreciated by all Domain 'Tasworders'.
09 Sep 92 Alan Snow In issue 13 you have a
n article "Essentia the usual manner. Tascode1.bin is more difficult, but can
be copied by typing and running the following listing - 10 MEMORY 6399 LO
AD "tascode1.bin" 20 POKE 6754,32 POKE 6755,32 POKE 6768,32 POKE 6769,32
30 POKE 6782,32 POKE 6783,32 MORE PROBLEMS ANSWERED 19
Sep 92 Don Upfold As a relative newcomer to the world of CPC I
am having a few problems. I note with interest that certain recipients of
CPC Domain Issue 10 were having problems apparently because of having a c
olour monitor. I have a CPC6128 with colour monitor but I am having problems
even reading Issue 10 by following the normal route. Various things about
problems with Domain 10. Not printed here to save a lot of disc space -- Barr
ie Other matters on which I would like advice are - 1. Is there any way
I can make a Back-up copy of Mini Office II to protect against accidental corr
uption 2. When printing a file (eg. while reading CPCD) is there a conven
ient way of stopping the flow of data to the printer and then starting again f
rom the place I chose to stop 3. I tried to make a full disk copy of C
PCD No. 12 using the DISCKIT3 copy utility option f7. The process was apparen
tly successful but when I tried RUN "DISK, It didn't work. I then tried by u
sing f4 to format the disk and then f7 to copy but still without success. U
sing RUN"DISK I got the error message 'Syntax error in 4'. I eventually ach
ieved success by using PIP but this was a very tedious operation as it invol
ved swopping between disks for every single file. Any clues as to why the DIS
CKIT3 copying didn't work 4. Is there a 'compare' utility that I could us
e to check whether a file has copi Ned without corruption 5. What is the
best way of printing a BASIC listing 6. What command is used to 'run' a .BIN
file 7. In my local public library, I have seen a number of books which s
upport the 464, 664 and 6128. Most give listings for BASIC or Graphics progr
ams. I don't know if they are any good, or even if they are still 'in print'.
Could someone provide a summary of books that are available and worth buying
8. I keep reading about NIRVANA. What is it. What will it do 9. It would
help if CPCD included the addresses of 'Discounters'. 10. Is there a utility
available for searching files on a disk for a particular 'string' 11. How
can one print what is displayed on screen I am finding CPCD very interesting
reading but would find articles relating to basic operations like 'file hand
ling', general syntax, etc. to be very useful. I'm sure a lot of it is in
the Manual, but I didn't find it that 'user friendly'. DON UPFOLD. C
helmsford. To try to answer most of your points Don..... Send me
a blank disk and your Domain 10 disc at the ** new ** PostBag address as i
n this issue, and I will send you back a working copy. BUT .. BUT .. BUT
.. use the special disc formatter supplied in this issue to make sure that
the blank disc you send me has no corrupted sectors. 1. Use the Disc Copy
option of NIRVANA. See Point 8 later on. 2. There is now Don. Reset your mac
hine and use the ASCII file-reader on Side 1 of this issue. RUN "readasc". The
file is displayed a line at a time, and what you see on the screen will be s
ent to your printer. Just press any key to show the next line. 3. No idea.
Why didn't you use the CPC Domain disc-copier called COPY6128.BIN That's what
it's there for. 4. DISKIT3 is supposed to do this automatically. 5. If yo
u want to print the whole listing, type in LIST#8 ENTER. The ENTER means 'pre
ss the ENTER key'. If you want to print all line numbers from 100 onwards,
type in LIST 100-,#8 ENTER. If you want to list line-numbers between 100 to 2
00 of the program, type in LIST 100-200,#8 ENTER. 6. It depends how the .BIN
file has been stored. If the 'execution address' has been written to the appro
riate place, then if the .BIN file is called, say, "Z.bin" and the executi
on address has been written to the disc file, then a simple RUN "z" will l
oad and automatically Run the binary program. On the other hand some binary ma
chine-code files are not stored to disc with the relevant 'execution addres
s'. In this case you have to do a LOAD "Z.bin",&xxxx (Where &xxxx is the st
art of the memory locations where "Z.bin" will be placed)CALL 'the appropria
te execution address'. Just look back over my series of 'Amstrad Action' tape
s-to-disc articles for many examples of this technique. 7. There are very man
y good books for the 464/664/6128 which unfortunately are now out of print. H
ere are a few titles and their International Standard Book Numbers ( ISBN's
) where known. Any branch of W.H. Smith's will have a huge catalogue of Books I
n Print, and if it is in print, buy it, but if it isn't in print, go along to
your local Library and order it for a 30 pence fee then photo-copy any c
hapters of particular interest to you. Here is a small selection of books that
grace my bookshelves and all are highly recommended. Bk 1. Game Playing With
Basic by Donald D. Spencer. Hayden Book Company. Bk 2. Computer Programming I
n Basic. ISBN 0-340-24882-3 Bk 3. Bells & Whistles On The Amstrad, Jeremy Vine
. ISBN 1-85014-063-4 (Sound) Bk 4. Computer Challenges For The Amstrad. ISBN 0
-7156-1979-9 (Games) Bk 5. Ins & Outs Of The Amstrad. Don Thomasson. ISBN 0-86
161-190-X (m/c) Bk 6. Advanced CPC 6128 Computing. Ian Sinclair. Collins. ISBN
0-00-383300-3 Bk 7. Illustrated Dictionary Of Microcomputer Terminology, M
ichael Hordeski. TAB Books Inc.. ISBN 0-8306-1088-X Bk 8. Mastering Ma
chine Code On Your Amstrad by Clive Gifford & Scott Vincent. Interface
Publications. ISBN 0-907563-91-0 Bk 9. Assembly Lanuage Programming For The Am
strad CPC 464,664 & 6128 by A.P. & D.J. Stephenson. Argus Books. ISBN 0-
85242-861-8 Bk 10. The Amazing Amstrad Omnibus by Martin Fairbanks. ISBN 0-9075
63-82-1 Bk 11. Using Your Amstrad CPC Disc Drives by J.W. Penfold. Baba
ni Books BP189. ISBN 0-85934-163-1 Bk 12. Getting The Most From Your Printer by
J.W. Penfold. Babani Books BP181. ISBN 0-85934-155-0 I Nf you are
into mathematics these may be useful - Bk 13. Facts From Figures With Your Mic
ro by Terence Ryan. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-905104-84-6 (Statistics)
Bk 14. Numerical Methods For The Personal Computer by Terry E. Shoup.
Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-627208-8 (Heavy going, but brilliant) Bk 15. Basic I
n Action by Dvorak & Musset published by Butterworth & Co. ISBN 0-408-01
395-8. ( This book is the best of the best of mathematical topics conb
ined with Basic programming ) Bk 16. Basic Computer Programs In Science And Eng
ineering by Jules H. Gilder. Hayden Book Company. ISBN 0-8104-0761-2 ( M
ostly electronics programs ) 8. NIRVANA is a disc-management suite of progr
ams. You can copy single tagged files, copy a disc, format, set the file attri
butes, erase files and so on. Then there is the Disc-Editor. You can alter in
dividual bytes within a file, search the disc for a sequence of bytes. It als
o allows you to archive a seldom-used disc to tape, so releasing the space. S
ee Goldmark Systems in the 'Discounters' section of the magazine. This is the b
est. Get it! 9. Okey-dokey. 10. Yes, NIRVANA. 11. See John Fairlie's articl
e in this issue. As a relative newcomer to the world of CPC s, copy a dis
c, format, set the file attributes, erase files and so on. Then there is the Di
sc-Editor. You can alter individual bytes within a file, search the disc for
a sequence of bytes. It also allows you to archive a seldom-used disc to tap
e, it for a 30 pence fee then photo-copy any chapters of particular interest
to you. Here is a small selection of books that grace my bookshelves and all ar
e highly recommended. Bk 1. Game Playing With Basic by Donald D. Spencer. Ha
yden Book Company. Bk 2. Computer Programming In Basic. ISBN 0-340-24882-3 Bk
3. Bells & Whistles On The Amstrad, Jeremy Vine. ISBN 1-85014-063-4 (Sound) B
k 4. Computer Challenges For The Amstrad. ISBN 0-7156-1979-9 (Games) Bk 5. In
s & Outs Of The Amstrad. Don ThomasDAMAGED DISCS
20 Sep 92 Bob Blanshard Over a period of about two months I have
received an ever increasing number of damaged discs from the G.P.O. The disc
s arrive in a plastic bag which bear the message as follows. Dear Customer,
I am very sorry that the enclosed letter has been damaged in our letter sorti
ng machinery. Although we do all we can to prevent such damage it
does occasionally occur because of the vast volume of mail processed. Yours si
ncerely, Customer Care Manager. Due primarily to the increased number of
damaged discs I was recieving I contacted my local sorting office for some
advice, and was told that letters in standard envelopes were normally sor
ted and franked by very high speed machinery, but that Jiffy bags and t
he like were invariably sorted and franked by hand. Certainly I have never rece
ived any damaged discs in a padded bag. In view of the high cost of discs an
d the low cost of padded bags surely it makes sense to send discs in a padd
ed bag. It is amazing how long a padded bag lasts. They are reusable for
several journeys. The padded bag that brings the disc is used to return the d
isc. You know it makes sense. BOB BLANSHARD. Your Domain Disc Copier. It does
indeed make sense Bob, at least it does to me. DTP HINTS
21 Sep 92 Jim Palmer Hi, A couple of points o
f interest to DTP users. I have a STAR LC-20 printer, and although it will o
nly print to A4 size, I've found that by stripping the rear carriage cover
it WILL accept an A3 sheet (or an A4 landscape), which is a dead useful featur
e when you're producing posters, you can use pre-printed (or photocopied) bor
ders, taking the lettering to the very edge of the A4 and get a very professio
nal product that fills an A3 sheet. Another useful thing I've discovered, using
STOP PRESS is that the page is stored in the second memory bank of the 6
128, and is not affected by a soft reset, so if you use a separate printer
programme (I use AMXPRINT for speed, and it uses all 9 pins) you don't need to
save & retrieve the page between running the two programmes - As long as you
don't use the ON/OFF switch! It certainly saves a lot of waiting and messin
g around. And now a couple of challenges Two DTP programmes I'd like some cl
ever person to write to make my life easier. The Squeeze/Unsqueeze programm
es for STOP PRESS pages o Nn CLP1 are very effective, but tedious to u
se with only one drive. Couldn't the squeezed page be built up in memory and th
en saved in one operation, and vice-versa And secondly, again with STOP PRESS,
you're limited by the size of the screen when it comes to enlarging images.
To expand a screen image to, say, half an A4 sheet involves several fiddly op
erations and a lot of luck, and often goes wrong. A programme that would
enlarge a cutout, or part-page up to a full page, in stages, would be a real b
oon. And lastly, a pat on the back to Graeme, who had my PD order back to
me by return post last week. Thanks Graeme- great service! JIM PALMER. Bou
rnemouth. Again, nice to see somebody contributing something. I think I m
entioned in some previous replies that I don't use DTP programs or Art program
s, so it's no good asking me. Your best bet is to write to Simon (see the 'Help
line' spot.) p 92 Bob Blanshard Over a period of about two months
I have reseveral fiddly operations and a lot of luck, and often goes wr
ong. A programme that would enlarge a cutout, or part-page up to a full page,
in stages, would be a real boon. And lastly, a pat on the back to Graeme, who
had my PD order back to me by return post last week. Thanks Graeme- grea
t service! JIM PALMER. Bournemouth. Again, nice to see somebody contrib
uting something in these hallowed pages. I think I mentioned in some previous
replies that I don't use DTP programs Letters shou
ld be sent to Barrie Snell
CPCD Postbag Editor 65 Bath Ro
ad Southsea
Portsmouth PO4 OHX Please send your letters on paper only, NOT on a
disc, as the free PD software offer has now been withdrawn.
CPC Domain reserves the right to publish and edit the whole
or part of any letter, even if it is with an order, unless marked
" NOT FOR PUBLICATION " ----
- * ----- *T COMING SOON *B
COMING SOON See this page next issue for details of a
massive cash award for the best reader's "Letter Of The Month". L
etters should be sent to Barrie Snell
*T The Print-Out Firmware Guide *B
The Print-Out Firmware Guide As mentioned in a lette
r in a previous issue of CPCD, the authors of the now defunct Print-Out fanz
ine have produced their very own replacement to Amstrad's Firmware Guid
e, the Soft 986 to most of us. It is exactly 80 pages in length, and printed
on A4 paper. Instead of using staples to bind these pages together, the p
eople involved have used those little plastic strips - a good idea considerin
g that staples usually rip up the paper after a few weeks of use! Upon openi
ng the first page, you are presented with a small advert for other it
ems available on the inside cover, and a short introduction on the proper f
irst page. The next 19 pages contain memory maps for both the 464 and 6128,
with detailed information about what is contained in EVERY memory locati
on! The following three pages after that contain summaries of all the Firmw
are Jumpblocks along with a small half page description on what they are used
for. The largest chunk of this publication is taken up by 38 pages of every
possible firmware command that you are likely to use, including detailed infor
mation on the entry conditions, what registers to use, the state of registers
on exit, and short foot-notes on any special or important point to bear in mi
nd. On top of all that, you are also given a complete 'undocumented' list o
f the maths firmware routines, which were mysteriously not given in the offi
cial manual! These are things like converting Real numbers to Integer
s, Binary to Hexadecimal and calculating Cosines, Sines, and Tangents. Fol
lowing on from that is the Bios & Amsdos Firmware routines, handy for makin
g your own disk formats, changing the access speed of the disk drive head, and
so on. Complete information is given with all of this as well. The Z80 in
struction set is next, with a FULL LIST of ALL Z80 instructions an Nd their o
p-codes, including the undocumented ones. Next to them are lists telling you wh
at the states of the Carry flag, Zero flag, etc, when the instruction is carri
ed out (invaluable for M/C programmers!). The remainder of the publication is
filled with 5 appendices, with BASIC token lists in Appendix A, CPC Port a
ddresses in B (for both computers), a 464 to 6128 conversion chart in C, and a
few helpful routines in appendices D & E. On the back cover is a hexadecimal
to decimal conversion chart, so put away those fancy scientific calculators!
All in all, the Print-Out Firmware Guide is invaluable. It is very well pu
t together, with very concise and well put together instructions. Because t
he pages have been produced on an Apple Mac or PC with a laser printer (I think
!), the finished output is very good. For a measly sum of just £8.75, you not
only get an excellent piece of writing, but a very handy disk full of even ha
ndier routines. The Firmware Guide + tape costs £6.75. These include a full f
eature Z80 assembler, a monitor program so that you can simulate running a p
rogram, without actually running it (), more helpful routines, and a pro
gram to enable plus owners to utilise their 8-bit printer port to th
e full! Unfortunately the disk was not ready at the time of writing this revi
ew, but keep your eyes peeled, a review of it will be coming very soon...Heat
her COSTS- Guide only, £4.50 Tape only, £2.50 Disc only, £4.50
Guide + Tape, £6.75 Guide + Disc, £8.75 For more details, writ
e to Bob Taylor & Thomas Defoe, 8 Maze Green Road, Bishop's Stortford, He
rts. CM23 2PJ.
Graeme Chesser. INTOUT$$$ The Print-Out Firmware Guide *B
The Print-Out Firmware Guide As mentionereview of it will be c
oming very soon...Heather COSTS- Guide only, £4.50 Tape only, £2.50
Disc only, £4.50 *T Protext and Printers *B
Protext and Printers
Part One PROTEXT This is the first of two articles about getting the most
out of Protext and many of the things in this will work only with Protext al
though some may work with other WP's such as Brunword or Tasword/Amsword.
I have the wonderfully convenient ROM version of Protext but I started o
ff with ordinary disc Protext so I'm fairly sure that most of the things here w
ill work on disc and maybe even tape, although you can't do any serious word pr
ocessing on tape anyway. One of Protext's most useful functions is the abil
ity to define functions keys to control the program itself rather than j
ust to hold bits of text. Unfortunately BASIC likes to be awkward and re
stricts the amount of space for definitions to about 121 bytes, which is har
dly anything. Arnor realised this when they designed their utilities ROM, Uto
pia, and included a command TOKENS to increase the definition area but for
those without Utopia the following program will do just as well. 10 'rout
ine to expand the function key buffer 20 'BASIC version 30 MEMORY &7FFF 'or an
ywhere else you want it 40 add32768 '&8000+65536 (&8000 is negative for some re
ason) 50 READ a$IF a$"#" THEN END 60 POKE add,VAL("&"+a$)addadd+1GOTO 50 70 D
ATA DD,6E,00,DD,66,01,DD,5E,02,DD,56 80 DATA 03,CD,15,BB,D8,3E,07,C3,5A,BB,#
routine to expand function key buffer (assembler version) org &8000 or anywhe
re else you want it ld l,(ix+0) ld h,(ix+1) ld e,(ix+2) ld d,(ix+3) call &b
b15 km exp buffer ret c ld a,7 jp &bb5a txt output To use the program run
or assemble it then type- MEMORY HIMEM-xCALL &8000,(HIMEM+1),x (where x is t
he amount of space you want, it must be more than 49 bytes, 31 bytes of th
is is taken up by the operating system) The program can actually be stored
anywhere in memory just by changing the address in the BASIC loader or at t
he start of the assembler listing. If there is some problem with putting the
definition area where you want it or its size the program will beep at you.
Now that we've got that slight problem sorted out we'll go on to some actu
al programming with Protext. The example below will copy the surname of a pe
rson from the top of a letter if place marker 0 is put at the start of their na
me. 10 'Example Program to set up function keys for Protext 20 KEY 0,CHR$(0)
+"9"+CH NR$(0)+"0"+CHR$(247)+CHR$(233)+CHR$(247)+CHR$(233)+CHR$(0) +"9"+CHR
$(234)+CHR$(11)+CHR$(0)+"9"+CHR$(16) The example works by (deep breath necess
ary here!) first putting place marker 9 at your current position in the text,
going to marker 0, moving right one word (the first name or Mr,Miss etc.) a
nd placing a block marker, doing the same again to put the second block mark
er in, going back to your previous position in the text, copying the block, kil
ling the block markers and finally wiping marker 9. Other examples of this f
eature can be found in the back of the Protext manual beside a list of the C
HR$ numbers for each of the control codes, my favourite example is the one t
hat defines f3 to save and continue. Another use for the function keys is
to store ruler lines, for example I occasionally like to use double width
print on my printer, all you have to do is to have a program with something lik
e KEY 0,""+string$(28,"-")+"R"+chr$(13)+chr$(24)+"l" which will set up a r
uler suitable for double width text and insert the correct control code as wel
l. To finish off, one last program for those people who don't like losing
their numeric keypad. 10 'Function key definitions keeping numeric keypad.
20 'Type CTRL and key to use functions. 30 FOR a0 TO 9READ bKEY DEF b,0,a,a,12
8+aNEXT a 40 KEY 0,.... 50 DATA 15,13,14,5,20,12,4,10,11,3 (The KEY DEF com
mand could have a 1 instead of the 0 if you want auto repeat). If you have an
y problems with the programs in this article phone (or fax) me at 0786 50662 o
r write to me (my address is in Helpline). Bye for now!
Kevin O'Rourke Protext
and Printers e CTRL and key to use functions. 30 FOR a0 T
O 9READ bKEY DEF b,0,a,a,128+aNEXT a 40 KEY 0,.... 50 DATA 15,13,14,5,20,12,4,
10,11,3 (The KEY DEF command could have a 1 instead of the 0 if you want auto
repeat). If you have any problems with the ight of that and print all in
condensed pitch to get a three column page. You cannot now edit the file, but
that is why you saved it before putting it into columns. Another is backgrou
nd printing. If you have a printer with a small memory buffer, you can s
pend a lot of time waiting for the text to be printed. With Promerge Plus,
your empty memory is automatically used as a buffer. You don't have to load
it up first as with buffers that work from Basic, it is there for all docume*
T PROGRAM INFORMATION *B
PROGRAM INFORMATION Here are the details of the programs on this disc.
REMEMBER Always reset the machine with a CTRL SHIFT (ESC combination, or s
witch off then on again before attempting to load or run any of the programs
. This avoids any clashes and ensures that the programs run properly. ALL
PROGRAMS ARE ON SIDE ONE OF THIS DISC FOR ISSUE FOURTEEN. Copy64K and C
opy6128 are the usual file and disc copiers. Calendar is the best one you'll ev
er find. Years are accurate from 1 to 3999. Warren is a stimulating Word-game.
Dropsy - A PC virus-simulator. JRT004 & JRT005. ASCII files for Andy Norris's
Pascal article. Word-Solve. A word-search competition solver. Very fast. 6128 &
6128+ ONLY. Endings. Goes with Better Programming article. Load, List, Look, t
hen Run. Graphics. Goes with John Fairlie's Graphics Printing From BASIC articl
e. DrehDriss. Great Tetris clone. Better than the original! Disc Editor. Edit
your discs. Goes with John's other article. Formatter. Format your discs and is
olate corrupted sectors too! Sc2date.com. A CP/M file which puts dates into Su
percalc2 files. Readasc. Read ASCII files without a word-processor. COPY64K
files COPY64K.BIN RUN "copy64k COPY6128 files COPY6128.BIN RUN
"copy6128 CALENDAR files CAL.BAS RUN "cal WARREN files WA
RREN.BAS RUN "warren DROPSY files DROPSY.BAS RUN "dropsy JRT
004.PAS ASCII file Load into a Compiler. Cannot be RUN JRT005.PAS ASCII file Sa
me as above. Cannot be RUN WORD-SOLVE files WD.BAS RUN "wd
6128 and 6128+ ONLY --- WD.OVL FRU
IT.GRD FRUIT.LST ENDINGS files ENDINGS.BAS RUN
"endings GRAPHICS files GRAPHICS.BAS RUN "graphics DREHEDRISS files
DD.BAS RUN "dd N DD.BIN DISC EDITOR files D
EDIT.BAS RUN "dedit SC2DATE.COM files Use with CP/M Cannot be RUN R
EADASC files READASC.BAS RUN "readasc FORMATTER files FORMAT.BAS
RUN "format FV.BIN NFO$$$ PROGRAM INFO
RMATION *B PROGRAM INFORMATION Here are the det
ailINGS.BAS RUN "endings GRAPHICS files GRAPHICS.BAS RUN "graphics
DREHEDRISS files DD.BAS RUN "dd RUN"dropsy JRT.004 ASCII fi
le Load into a Compiler. Cannot be RUN JRT.005 ASCII file Same as above.
Cannot be RUN WORD-SOLVE files WD.BAS RUN"wd 6128 an
d 6128+ ONLY --- WD.OVL FRUIT.GR
D FRUIT.LST ENDINGS files ENDINGS.BAS RUN"
endings GRAPHICS files GRAPHICS.BAS RUN"graphics DREHEDRISS fil
es DD.BAS RUN"dd DD.BIN DISC *T
PROMERGE REVIEW - Part One. BY John Fairlie. *B PROMERG
E REVIEW - Part One. BY John Fairlie. You've got Protext, but you don't do m
ailmerging, so you don't need Promerge - right Wrong! Promerge turns an
excellent word processor into a fully professional system that can do mail
merging into the bargain. In this article, I intend to show you exactly w
hat Promerge can do for you. Sure, you can do standard letters as well, but th
ere is a collection of odds and ends that Arnor couldn't fit into the basic 1
6k of Protext, and many of these are nothing to do with mailmerging. To use
Promerge you must have Protext. You can then use either Promerge on disc
, or Promerge Plus on ROM. I must stress that the ROM version has extra co
mmands that the disc version does not have. Apart from the instant
availability that the ROM version gives, the extra commands only in the Plus
version in ROM are the best points of Promerge, and I fully recommend them.
Let me start by explaining the Plus options first. I will then go on to explai
n the basics of what Promerge can do even if you don't mailmerge. Next mont
h I will look at the mailmerging commands and how I use some of them to manag
e the CPC Domain subscription list. And I can assure you all, I have never sen
t you a standard mailmerge letter! OK, so what is in Promerge Plus only F
or a start you can edit two files at once. How many times have you been wor
king on one document, when you want to refer to, or get some text from anothe
r With Promerge Plus you can enter SW at command mode (SWAP) and the file is
stored away leaving a clear memory for you to load another file. Enter SW a
gain, and your original file returns. Each time you enter SW you swap betwee
n these two files. Both are in memory at once, and on a 6128 with the ROM vers
ion of Protext both documents can be up to 40k in size. You can also copy a ma
rked block of text between the two files. Then there is Box Mode. Entering C
ONTROL B in edit mode toggles Box Mode on and off. When Box Mode is on, you
can cut and paste text in columns. I have found this useful for creating ne
wspaper style columns of text. All you do is set a right margin at say 35 an
d type in or load your text. When done you save the file. Then, and only the
n do you set up the columns. All you do is turn Box Mode on, and paste the
second page on the right of the first page. You could then paste page thr
ee on the right of that and print all in condensed pitch to get a three co
lumn page. You cannot now edit the file, but that is why you saved it before p
utting it into columns. Another is background printing. If you have a p
rinter with a small memory buffer, you can spend a lot of time waiting for
the text to be printed. With Promerge Plus, your empty memory is automaticall
y used as a buffer. You don't have to load it up first as with buffers that
work from Basic, it is there for all documents, all the time. On a 6128 with
a 20k file in memory the buffer is about 63k going down to about 13k on a
464 with two 12k files in memory, (assuming that Protext is on ROM). T
hey also give you commands to STop, COntinue, and ABandon printing. The
last will clear the buffer without it printing. Then you get a calculato
r. At command mode you enter CALC and are prompted for a calculation. You on
ly get the 4 basic operators and no brackets Nare allowed, but when the answ
er is displayed, you can press SPACE and it will be inserted into the docume
nt at the cursor position. I have found it very handy at times. What I f
ound indispensible as PostBag editor was the CONVERT facility. This conver
ts an ASCII file with hard returns at the end of each line, into a Protext Docu
ment file with soft returns in mid paragraph and hard returns at the end of th
em. This, followed by a FORMAT is all that is needed to bring ASCII files
into a form for Protext to use its full power on. There are a number of other
minor extras to Promerge Plus but the only one I shall mention is command
line editing. If you enter 'L filename' at the command mode prompt, not only c
an you move the cursor back across the command to edit it, but after it has
been given, ie, after pressing RETURN, you can retrieve the last command by pre
ssing COPY. Arnor has gone further by making this happen only if the comma
nd was four characters or more long. So, if the command failed, you can
enter B (change to drive B) or CAT followed by COPY and the 'L filename' will
still be retrieved. Clever eh All the above is in Promerge Plus only. If
you want them, you need the ROM version. I shall now cover the extra st
ored commands that all versions of Promerge provide. What Arnor have done
is make everything a stored command. In Protext you used SETPRINT to define
things like starting page number, number of copies etc. With Promerge, all thi
s can be done by stored commands. This makes printer driver files virtually
obsolete. You even have stored commands to redefine a character and change pr
inter control codes. So even as a file is printing, you can change the meaning
of your printer control codes. I get the feeling that if Arnor were to start
again, they would not give us SETPRINT. Extra stored commands and examples of
their use are- SA 10 Start at page 10 EA 15 End at page 1
5 NC 2 Print two copies CC ... Redefine control code
FP ON Format while printing ON IN file Insert file RJ ON
Right Justification ON ZM Zero all margins CW 10 Chara
cter Width MC ... Microspace Character MS ON Microspacing O
N These are the miscellaneous commands, not directly related to mailmerging. M
ost may be self explanatory, those that are not are as follows. Format while
printing is needed in mailmerging because merged text may be all manner of
lengths, but it is useful to have at the start of any file. It ensures
that if you have edited a paragraph but have not reformatted it, it will still
print OK. Insert a file will insert a whole file at that point. It can be
useful for including standard paragraphs of text. CW, MC and MS are used
for microspacing. You know that when you format a paragraph with right ju
stification ON, that spaces are added between some of the words to make all lin
es the same length. Microspacing will make all spaces on a line the same lengt
h. This enhances the appearance of the printed text. Again, it is a command t
hat is useful in many documents. Observant readers may note that with all th
e facilities I have mentioned so far, I still have not come onto mailmerging.
What I have covered on their own make Promerge Plus worth buying in my op
inion. Next month I shall cover the mailmerging facilities. See you then
. JOHN FAIRLIE. PROMER14$$$ SS month I shall cover the mailmerging faciliti
es. See y of the printed text. Again, it is a command that is useful in many
documents. Observant readers may note that with all the facilities I have me
ntioned so far, I still have not come onto mailmerging. What I have covered
on their own make Promerge Plus worth buying in my opinion. Next month
I shall cover the mailmerging facilities. See you then. JOHN FAIRLIE. N*T
DISCOUNTERS *B DI
SCOUNTERS To order write direct quoting items required, subscriber code, a
ddress and enclosing a cheque for the discounted price. SP
M SOFTWARE - £2 off General Military Simulator and Power Basic SPM Software,
32a Albert St, Seaham, County Durham SR7 7LJ Both programs usually price
s at £14.95 but available for only £12.95 to CPC Domain subscribers. Power
Basic was reviewed in issue 2 (but the PD Basic Compiler is just as good,
if not better). GMS is a wargame creator. Demos of both programs can be found
on Domain SL disk COM2. SD MICROSYSTEMS - 10% discount (Tel 0406-32252) D
iscount applies to everything except the new disk drive. SD sell the
graphmaster program reviewed in issue 2 as well as Page Publisher, Stock
Accounting 6128, CPC Payroll, Home Finance, Disc-base, Kwikfile, Picture Disk
and consumables. Send an SSAE to - PO Box 24, Holbeach, Lincs PE12 7JF. GOL
DMARK SYSTEMS - 10% off most (Tel 0707 271529) The discount applies to all
software except Graphics Galore. This includes Nirvana (£15 disk, £26 ROM),
Labelmaker (£12), and a whole heap of other stuff. Send an SAE for full list. P
rices stated are BEFORE 10% discount. 51 Comet Road, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL
10 OSY. BRUNNING SOFTWARE - 10% off by Access or Visa. ** 14% off by cheque
** Programs supplied on 3" discs for use on the 6128 and 6128 Plus are - Brunw
ord 6128 with Brunspell & Datafile .......... £30 Info-Script with Brunword 612
8 & Brunspell ....... £50 All prices are 9 Pin Brunword Elite ...............
.............. £55 BEFORE discount. 9 Pin Brunword Elite with Info-Script ...
......... £92 24 Pin Brunword Elite with Info-Script ........... £90 Elite Fon
t Editor with 'Chelmer' & 'Clacton' fonts £25 138 The Street, Little Clacton, E
ssex CO16 9LS. Tel 0255-862308 I NEED YOUR HE
LP Whenever you're ordering anything from any company that DOESN'T offer
a discount to CPC Domain subscribers, ask them if they do. That way they hear
the magazine being mentioned and if approached in future will be more receptiv
e to the idea of becoming a discounter. If you find any company willing to o
ffer a discount then please let me know - you're not just helping me out, but
all the other CPC Domain subscribers. Thanks. *T
IN-TOUCH *B IN-TOUCH T
hese ad's are FREE. What more incentive do you need --- INTERNATIONAL CPC FAN
ZINE --- The 'Rundschlag' (that's German for 'Overkill') is the first fanzine p
rinted in different languages. It is contributed to by many famous CPC 'zine
s all over Europe. For an issue in your language send an international reply
coupon (ask about this at your local Post Office) to- B105, Postbox 25, W-7959
, Schwendi, GERMANY. FOR SALE The first six printed issues of CPC Domain are
now available but at a one off price of £6.00 the lot. No splitting allowed. Pr
ice includes P&P. Only one set so first come, first served. Contact- Paul Dwe
rryhouse, 7 Brunswood Green, Hawarden, Deeside, Clywd CH5 3JA Tel 0244-534 942
WANTED I'm looking for several hardware add-ons for my CPC 6128 (Dart Scanner
, Vidi etc.) with software on disc. Write to me! I can pay by Eurocheque in £.
Contact- Stefan Kuhs, Muensinger Str 35, W-7424 Heroldstatt-2, GERMANY. FOR
SALE All games are original copies no pirates. All are tape unless other
wise stated 30p Sultan's Maze 50p Bravestarr, Countdown, Curse of Sherwood,
Every Second Counts, Firetrap, Friday 13th, Graham Gooch's Test Cricket,
Kane, Knight Games, Konami Golf, Last V8, Meltdown, Muggins The Spaceman
, Molecule Man, Night Gunner, Northstar, Paws, Race Against Time, Raging
Beast, Revolution, Soul Of A Robot, Space Trader, Streaker, Super Sam, Terram
en, Tetris, Top Gun, TLL, Willow Pattern, Xcel £1.00 America's Cup, Bobby Be
aring, Codename Matt II, Costa Capers, Great Escape, Mercenary, Mini Office,
Movie, Shadowfire, Short Circuit, Sidewalk, The Real You, Wild Bunch £2.00 A
mtix Accolades, Bob Winner, Compendium, Esc. Singe's Castle, Grange Hill, J
ack The Nipper II £3.00 120 Computer Hits, Acrojet, Game Over(disc), Super Hang
On (disc). Please add 24p per game to cover P&P. I will refund any difference.
Contact- Debbie Howard, 10 Overton Road, Abbey Wood, London SE2 9SD. FOR SA
LE Amstrad 6128 w Nith colour monitor, user manual, some PD - £140 +P&P ono
Protype - £8 2in1 - £8 Power Basic - £8 GameBoy with 5 games & LightBoy - £120
inc P&P. Contact- Alan Scully, PO Box 435, Glasgow G12 8SG or leave message at
03552 - 24795. FOR SALE Brand New 3.5" Second Drive, 6128+ Compatible,
With Software And External Power Supply, Only £50. A REAL BARGAIN. Contact- B
ob on 0797 - 223756 FOR SALE Advanced Art Studio (disc) & full instruction
manual. Genius Mouse, Interface and Mouse Mat. These items are "as new" and s
till in original boxes. Please note that these items are for the CPC 6128. Wor
th £50 will accept £35 o.n.o. I also have for sale Amstrad DD1 disc drive M
icroStyle 3.5" second drive Star LC-10 Colour Printer + 1 col/2 mono ribbons.
Both drives for £150 and the printer for £80. Contact- Graham Porter, Eliot
Ward, Ashworth Hospital (N), Maghull, Liverpool L31 1HW. FOR SALE I have 50
CPC tapes for sale. Prices are 50p - £1.50. Loads of games and utilities inc.
art programs, flight sims, strategy and databases. Games include the orig
inal Rebelstar (1st version of Laser Squad) and the all time classic trade/str
ategy/shoot-em-up, Elite. Contact- Eric Auty, 5 Silverstone Way, Congresbury, A
von BS19 5ES. Tel 0934 - 833 478. FOR SALE Supercalc 2 - £10. TV Showtime (c
assette) They Sold A Million (disc) £5 each. WANTED ANIMATOR by Creative Softwa
re. John Reilly, 15 North Green, Forches Est, Barnstaple, N.Devon EX32 8EA F
OR SALE 26 "Computing With The Amstrad" & "A.C.U." magazines, dated from 1986 -
1989. Includes 318k of type-ins already transferred to disc. Worth £31, will
sell for £10 plus £5 P&P. Collossus Chess £5. CPC Printer lead (not for Plus
range) £2.00. Contact- John Fairlie, 20 Montague Rd, Saltford, Bristol BS18 3L
A. WANTED 256k memory expansion for 6128. Good price paid. I also want a coup
le of DISKETTE files. Contact- Ivor Williams, St.Baruc, Llanharry, Pontyclun,
Mid-Glamorgan CF7 9LH. FOR SALE AMX Mouse AMX Art and a mouse mat, £30 the
lot. Multiface II £20. Electric Studio Light Pen £10. Advanced Art Studio £1
2. Cauldron 2 & Winter Games, both on disc, £3 each or £5 for both. 18 cass
ette games for £1 each or £10 the lot. All the above costs £96 you can have the
lot for £60. Contact- Alan Haire on 05047 - 63865. FOR SALE Amstrad disc
software (games and serious), books and hardware for sale. All originals. Too
much to list. SAE for list. Contact- Pat Hopkins, 11 Rosewood Avenue, Bellhill
, Lanarkshire ML4 1NR. Tel 0698 - 747164. WANTED Word processor / spell chec
k in ITALIAN Contact- A J Howard, 65 Altyre Way, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3ED WA
NTED CPC 464 with Monitor. Must be in good condition and reasonably priced. Con
tact- Mrs. Wendy Sweet on 0797 - 222320 *T
HELPLINE *B HELPLINE If you need or can o
ffer help on ANY CPC related subject then PLEASE send details to CPC Domain,
134 Draper House, Hampton Street, LONDON SE1 6SY. When contacting hel
pliners please send a stamped SAE or telephone in the evenings
only - Pirates are not welcome! *T HELP REQUESTE
D *B HELP REQUESTED I need a manual for the
EPSON RX-80 printer. Please contact me as soon as possible as I really need
the codes. Contact- Jim, 17 Waun Ebbw Bungs, Nantyglo, GWENT NP3 4QU. Tel 049
5 311 349 I need help in using the FILL command to fill an irregular area,
when using Machine Code. All I can get is a "straight line" type fill. Conta
ct- Reg Tabb, 141 Cedar Crescent, North Baddesley, Hants SO52 9FX. Try Peter H
arrison, Kevin O'Rourke or Simon McCarthy, below....Ed *T
HELP OFFERED *B HELP OFFERED I can
procure contact to French and German CPC Freax (swappers, demo writers, fanzi
ne editors, etc..) I also swap and copy fanzines. Contact- Stefan Huhs, Muensi
nger Str 35, W-7424, Heroldstatt-2, GERMANY. Help offered regarding the usa
ge of Stop Press, CP/M PrintMaster and I can provide working copies of the
latter for those who can't get their own ones working. Also help on converti
ng MFII saved screens to Advanced Art Studio, and AAS to Stop Press format. Don
't forget to include a padded SAE for discs. Contact- Simon Warford, 134 Draper
House, Hampton Street, London SE1 6SY Basic, Machine Code, Disc Drives, M
IDI, ROMS, ROM boards, in N fact just about anything to do with the
CPC! Contact- Peter Harrison, 38 Lynmouth Drive, Wieston Fields, Leicester LE8
1BP. Tel 0533 886039. I can offer help with Electronics. Contact- Allen Cr
owe, No. 1 Ardy Magh Road, Bally Clare, County Antrim, N.Ireland BT39 9CJ.
Tel 0266 83212. Help offered with adventures. Contact- Ken Dean, 16 Swonwe
lls Court, Maltsters Way, Oulton Broad, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR32 3PY. Tel 0502 5
66538. Basic, some machine code, Protext, Maxam, Printer Problems (Citizen 12
0D+). Contact-Kevin O'Rourke, 4H Campbell Court, Stirling FK7 9EG. Tel/Fax 078
6 50662 Basic Programming (Not M/C), Protext, Promerge, Prospell, Rambase,
Printing. Contact- John Fairlie, 20 Montague Road, Saltford, BRISTOL, Avon BS1
8 3LA. Tel 0225-873988. CP/M Protext, ROM/RAMdos, General CP/M and CP/M PD p
rograms, General PD stuff. Contact- Heather Keen, 6 Oakdene Way, Portslade BN41
2RQ. Tel 0273-422603. I have all editions to date of Amstrad Action, Comput
ing with the Amstrad and Amstrad Computer User and can offer help in locati
ng old programs etc from these. Also I'm a BRUNWORD user (now on ROM, from di
sk). Contact- C T Betts, 18 Browning Avenue, Thornhill Park, Southampton SO2 6
PY. Most aspects of BASIC programming. Using the 3D Construction Kit. Contac
t- Graeme Chesser, 44 Echline Grove, South Queensferry, West Lothian EH30 9RU.
Tel 031-331 1822. General Machine Code programming on the 6128. Contact- Si
mon McCarthy, Plumtree Cottage, 9 Cheddington Road, Pitstone, Leighton Buzzard
LU7 9AQ. Tel 0296-662 558. DISCOUNTERS To order write di
rect quoting on ROM, from disk). Contact- C T Betts, 18 Browning Avenue, Thorn
hill Park, Southampton SO2 6PY. Most aspects of BASIC programming. Using the
3D Construction Kit. Contact- Graeme Chesser, 44 Echline Grove, South Queensfe
rry, West Lothian EH30 9RU. Tel 031-331 1822. General Machine Code programmi
ng on the 6128. Contact- Simon McCarthy, Plumtree Cottage, 9 Cheddington1WInsta
lling date for Supercalc2$Requires CP/M Plus to run$i*Oydmmn (&&&&x' OyO Y& qw&
&& (&&&&x'1RO O TSL9UPUETDu'ap QUUdP%// iPUEPPP#a/zUU4Pp#!UQUUaprA4%// ' srcp//
M// /x'/ ///pxppU/ /' '//6/2%DUt---*T FITTING A SI
DE SWITCH *B FITTING A SIDE SWITCH As you may
have seen in computer magazines, some dealers have recently been fitting a si
de switch to 3.5" disk drives which allow both sides of the disk to be used wit
h Amsdos or CPM. Without this switch, only one side of the disk can be formatt
ed, but with the switch the drive is the full equivalent to the usual FD1 se
cond drive. Using the switch allows you to format to the more usual 800k. T
HE METHOD IS SIMPLE The strand 32 of the cable to your disc drive is the sid
e select line which tells the disc drive which side to use. If the voltage is
high then one side is selected, if it is low then the other side is used. Wh
en using 800k mode, with ROMDOS or similar the software changes strand 32's v
oltage according which side of the disk it is using, and therefore the switch
must be set to switch strand 32 through to the drive. MATERIALS REQUIRED Si
ngle pole double throw mini-switch, 3 - 4" lengths covered wire, solder, s
oldering iron with a small tip, insulation tape, pliers for tightening switch
in position. Remove the screws from the base of your drive and remove the o
uter casing and you will see two rows of 17 soldered nodules where the 34 stra
nd ribbon cable connection is soldered onto the drive. Make a note of strand 3
2, it will be the third from right or left. Contacts number 1 and 34 will
be marked on the circuit board. Strand 32 is !N!!!!!!!!!the one that we
want, so with a sharp knife separate about an inch of strand 32 by cutti
ng between strand 32/33 and 32/31 quite close to the connector. Cut strand
32 in the middle of the separated part and strip a short piece of the insula
tion from the two ends and tin both ends ready for soldering. Take three 4" l
engths of thin covered wire (say, 2 amp), remove a bit of insulation from eac
h end and tin them ready for soldering. You now need a single pole double
throw mini-switch the switch has three contacts, to each of these solder o
ne end from each piece of 4" wire. Solder the wire from one side of the switch
to the tinned wire, strand 32, leading to the computer. The other side wire
from the switch has to be soldered to one of the odd numbered connectors on th
e drive, (say, connector 32), and the wire from the centre terminal on the swit
ch to the tinned wire (strand 32) leading to the disc drive. Insulate bare joi
nts and tape to ribbon cable. Find a suitable place to drill a hole for the s
witch (say, 1" from the back and 1" from the right side on the top of the drive
). A blob of grease on the drill will prevent any drill swarf falling into the
drive. Reassemble the casing, connect the cable to the disc drive, set the
switch to 800k and ensure that everything works as it did before. You should
now be able to format both sides of the disk in Amsdos and CPM but instead of
flipping the disk, just flip the switch! With 3.5" discs only costing about
34 pence each, you can save a lot of money by using them instead of the more
expensive 3" discs, especially now that these are becoming more and more hard t
o get hold of. If you doubt your capabilities with a soldering iron, then a c
omputer dealer or radio or TV repairer should provide the switch and wire and d
o the job for not more than £3. Just print out this article and take it to yo
ur dealer with your 3.5" drive. A WORD OF WARNING If you do undertake this
hardware project, please note that you will be invalidating your warranty.
If you are unsure of your ability to undertake the alteration, try taking a pr
int out of the instuctions to a TV or radio repair shop and have it done profes
sionally. CPC Domain can in no way be held liable for any damage or injury t
hat might result from altering any part of your hardware. Having said that
, good luck, and happy soldering. BARRIE. A SIDE SWITCH *B
FITTING A SIDE SWITCH As you may have Sor
ting Routines. Part 2, by Barrie Snell. MORE REFINEMENTS T
O THE "BUBBLE" SORT Part One concluded with Prog B3 (Final Bubble) which
was dismally slow for random files, so let's look at some areas for possible
improvements. Suppose the file to be sorted was 5, 1, 2, 3, 4. Prog B3 w
ill do a 1st pass where the 5 will sink to its rightful place and the 1, 2, 3 a
nd 4 will bubble up to the top. A 2nd pass is then completed, but as there a
re no swaps this time the program ends and the records are in order. This will
be fast. Now say the file is 2, 3, 4, 5, 1. It's nearly in order, except the
1 is at the bottom. After 1 pass of Prog B3 the 1 will have been moved up by
1 place after 2 passes, 2 places, etc., so it will need 4 passes (the maximum)
to become fully sorted. This will be slow. Changing Directions Can't we j
ust alter the direction of the scan in Prog B3 to be from bottom to top inst
ead of top to bottom Unfortunately, NO! Apply this new scan direction to the
files above and you'll see that the 5, 1, 2, 3, 4 file will now be slow inste
ad of fast, and conversely, the 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 file will be fast, not slow. Al
ternating Directions If the initial ordering, or "already sortedness" of the
file is not known, then we can strike a happy medium by not adhering to a sin
gle direction of scan, but to make it alternate so that each pass consists o
f a scan in the UP direction followed by, if necessary, one in the DOWN directi
on, so what may be bad or good for either of the above file-types will be avera
ge for both. SHAKER SORT By using the last idea we come to the "Shaker" s
ort, Prog B4 below, named after the up-and-down motion when using a cocktail-d
rinks shaker. I know the listing looks very long-winded to newcomers to this
subject but as I said earlier, the way to understan "N"""""""""d this series
is to do a "desk run" with a simple example file. I'll guide you through it, s
o don't be put off. In fact, nobody would actually USE the Shaker sort, but I
present it in this article as a stepping-stone to the logical sequence of alte
rations and speed-ups of Prog B1. From this prog onwards we'll use strings
instead of numbers because we're getting nearer to real applications instead
of just theory. We'll need to introduce 2 new variables called BOTTOM to te
ll the downward scan where to stop, and TOP to tell the upward scan where t
o stop. It can also be seen (well it can after you've read and hopefully under
stood this section) that BOTTOM also tells the upward scan where to start
from, and TOP tells the downward scan where to start from. If they meet eac
h other, or no exchanges are made in any pass, the file is then sorted. For
speed use integers and single- letter variable names. By this time you should
be aware of the code to swap 2 records so I won't give any REM's to this effe
ct in the listings. The way I've presented Prog B4 is to try to make it more
readable to novices by splitting the coding for the forward and backward scans
when doing a "desk run", (and if you aren't, why not !). That's just in case
any experts think the code is too long, (which it is.) PROGRAM B4.
R 57 mins. N 3 mins. 1 REM Shaker Sort 2 DEFINT a-z n6
DIM r$(n) 3 r$(1)"K"r$(2)"B"r$(3)"C"r$(4)"H"r$(5)"A"r$(6)"L" 5 top1 botto
mn 10 FOR pass1 TO n-1 15 sw0 FOR jtop TO bottom-1 REM --- forward scan
***** 20 IF r$(j) r$(j+1) THEN swj t$r$(j) r$(j)r$(j+1) r$(j+1)t$ 25
NEXT j IF sw0 THEN passn GOTO 65 30 bottomsw 35 IF bott
om top THEN passn GOTO 65 40 sw0 FOR jbottom-1 TO top STEP -1 REM --- ba
ckward scan ***** 45 IF r$(j) r$(j+1) THEN swj t$r$(j) r$(j)r$(j+1) r$(
j+1)t$ 50 NEXT j IF sw0 THEN passn GOTO 65 55 topsw+1 60
IF top bottom THEN passn 65 NEXT pass 70 REM Sorting Finished. Show sor
ted file. 75 FOR j1 TO n PRINT j,r$(j) NEXT FORWARD SCAN top1, bottom-15
, so we compare r$(1) with r$(2) r$(2),r$(3) r$(3),r$(4) r$(4),r$(5) and r$(5
),r$(6) exchanging where necessary. This is shown below with the symbol ' '
to point to the 2 records currently being compared, and '*' to show that a
swap has taken place to get the next line. Remember now that you should be loo
king at the rows of information horizontally and NOT in columns. j1 K *
B C H A L sw1 (see Line 20) j2 B K * C H A
L sw2 Lines 15 to 25 of Prog B4. j3 B C K * H A L sw3
j4 B C H K * A L sw4 --- last swap occurred here. j5
B C H A K L sw4 no swap Line 30 sets , bottom sw 4 B
ACKWARD SCAN bottom-13, top1 (unchanged), so we compare r$(4) with r$(3) r$(
3),r$(2) and r$(2),r$(1) as shown below. j3 B C H * A K L s
w3 (see Line 45) j2 B C * A H K L sw2 Lines 40 to 50 o
f Prog B4. j1 B * A C H K L sw1 --- last swap occurred he
re. to get A B C H K L Line 55 sets , top sw+1 2 FORW
ARD SCAN top2, bottom4 (unchanged), so bottom-13. Compare r$(2),r$(3) and r$(
3),r$(4). j2 A B C H K L sw0 set by Line 15. no swap
j3 A B C H K L sw0 no swap No swaps have
occurred so the sw0 is detected in line 25 and the sort is done. The Shaker
sort is an improvement in this case over the Final Bubble sort of B3, because t
o sort the same file Prog B3 did 12 comparisons in 5 scans, whilst the Shaker
sort took only 10 comparisons in 3 scans. In other words, from the woefu
lly slow Prog B1, the others are performing faster and faster. Please note at
this stage of this article on Sorting Routines, given any particular lis
t of items to be sorted then any one of Progs B1 through B4 will make the SAM
E number of swaps but we have seen that the number of comparisons is getting le
ss and less. In terms of computer processing times, a comparison of 2 records
is done quickly but an exchange of 2 records in the computers memory takes
many times longer. We can save time by trying to make fewer comparisons, but
the main time savings will obviously be made by doing few #N#########er exchang
es. The next method to be described will actually reduce the average nu
mber of comparisons on a randomly-ordered file still further, but the number
of swaps will remain the same as ever. What a shame! So what is my message to
you It is this. The next logical step in the sequence of program refinements
to reduce the number of comparisons will give insights of how to lead on to one
of the most powerful of sorts, the Delayed Exchange Sort incorporating Shell
's Method. To those of you who are still with me in this series, don't giv
e up at this stage you're in for a real treat in Part 3. SHUTTLE SORT In s
ome textbooks this method is also known as the 'Sifting Sort', or the 'L
inear Insertion with Exchange Sort'. Some pretty fancy names eh Here is the pro
gram, but now let me introduce the idea of the Sort program as being a subro
utine of a larger Main Program. In 99 per cent of real applications this would
be the case anyway. PROGRAM B5. R 54 mins. N 2 min 38 s
ec. 1 REM Shuttle Sort . . rest of program goes here including routine
to load data into memory and set . variables, DIMension the array, and a GO
SUB 1000 (or whatever) to Sort the . data, and so on. . GOSUB 1000 . Re
turn from Sort Subroutine Take Action END..... 1000 FOR down2 TO n updown-1
IF r$(down) R$(up) THEN 1020 1010 t$r$(up) r$(up)r$(up+1) r$(up+1)t$ u
pup-1 IF up 0 THEN IF r$(up+1) r$(up) THEN 1010 1020 NEXT down 1
030 RETURN REM Sorting finished. Go back to the calling routine. In line 101
0 the "IF up 0" expression is necessary because so far this series is using a
rray subscripts from 1 to N. When and if the term "upup-1" is met in the same
line and up takes the value of zero, the program will try to look for R$(0) whi
ch doesn't exist. A small speed increase is possible by using zero subscri
pts, but don't bother because the fabled Prog B7 doesn't use it. We saw in Pr
og B4, the Skaker sort, the file was scanned up and down repeatedly. Instead of
scanning down/up/down the method can be altered to move down through the file
taking each record in turn and lifting it up through the rest of the record
s and stopping when a "lighter" record is encountered. Then the record whic
h was originally below it is examined, and so on. In this way there is only on
e main single relentless downward scan and a subsidiary number of small upward
scans. The sort ends when the main downward scan exhausts the list of records.
The result is a sorted sequence which grows downwards from the top consisting
of those records which have been examined and moved up as far as necessary.
This method obviously doesn't rely on complete passes up and down, nor on top
and bottom limits so we'll get rid of the variables 'pass' 'top' and 'bottom
'. Also we don't need 'sw' for a swap-detector because the Shuttle sort sets
its owm pointers to take care of this. The program pointers we will use are
'down' which will mark the number of the record reached on the main downward s
can, and 'up' to mark the record number reached on any subsidiary upward sc
ans. Those comparisons of pairs of records that occur during the main single d
ownward scan will be called primary comparisons, and those for the multiple su
sidiary upward scans will be called secondary comparisons. In general, try to
see that when the upward comparisons have finished, the downward comparis
ons continue from where they left off. The sort ends when the main downward c
omparisons exhaust the list. An example will show the method clearly. Copy
Prog B5, get out the pencil and paper and work through the one below. Make n
4 so we have 4 records to sort. r$(1)"X" r$(2)"A" r$(3)"B" and r$(4)"Z" so in
itially the file is X, A, B, Z. The 1st downward scan must make a primary comp
arison between X and A so we set down2 and updown-1 2-1 1. The primary
comparison in line 1000 of the program checks to see if these are out of order
in other words, IF r$(down) r$(up) IF r$(2) r$(1). IF "A" "X" then don't e
xchange them and go on to the next primary comparison with a new value for '
down', one greater than the last. If they do need exchanging, and in this e
xample they do, then exchange them. At this point we could simply exchange r
$(down) with r$(up) through the usual method with a temporary t$, but later o
n during the program there may be an upward scan which may $N$$$$$$$$$ make ex
changes, and the value of 'down' is fixed for the moment. We need to swap t
he present r$(down) and r$(up). Now, down2 and up1 so we can get around th
is difficulty by exchanging r$(up+1) and r$(up), which achieves the same thin
g. (Go back over this if you don't understand). The file after the exchange wil
l now be - A, X, B, Z. Now we continue with the upward scan by decrementing th
e value of 'up', as in upup-1. The value of 'up' is now zero so we 'drop throu
gh' line 1010 to line 1020 and go for the next downward scan with down3 an
d up2. The program is now operating in line 1000 and is comparing records 3 and
2, i.e. the letters B and X in the present file of A, X, B, Z. These are in
the wrong order so they are swapped in line 1010 so the file is now A, B, X, Z
. The upward scan is continued by decrementing the value of 'up' by 1, so now
we have up1 and as a secondary comparison the record pointed to by 'up
' is compared with the one below it, i.e. record number up+1. We are at this
moment comparing r$(2) with r$(1), the B and the A. These are in the correct or
der so a new downward scan is started with the new value of down4 and up3. He
re r$(4) and r$(3), the Z and X are compared, and as these are in the cor
rect order another downward scan is commenced with down5, but as 'down' is
now greater than the number of records, the For-Next loop terminates and the so
rt ends. You can see that if the conditions of the records demand it, the recor
d found by 'down' is repeatedly "bubbled" upwards to its rightful place usin
g the upward scan in line 1010, which calls itself. It is also evident that du
ring any downward scan, if the records being looked at are in order, the next d
ownward scan is initiated immediately. If the very end of the file is reached
by continually doing downward scans, this is analogous to the method used in t
he Shaker sort, where we had 'sw0', the no-swap condition. Consider the file -
D, F, T, E, P, L, B, G, C, M. Using Prog 4 (Shaker sort), this would be sorte
d in 38 comparisons and 23 swaps but Prog B5 (Shuttle sort) reduces this to 3
1 comparisons. This is only for n10, and for larger files the speed-up in runn
ing times will be greater in proportion there is also an inherent decrea
se in processing time when we consider all of the "house-keeping" done by the S
haker compared with the simplicity of the Shuttle. THERE ARE FURTHER IMPROVEM
ENTS TO BE MADE Next time I'll finish the "exchange selection" methods. If
anybody thinks I've been verbiose, let me say I've only told you a quarter
of the real story of each Sort. I haven't mentioned 'inversion-sequence' l
engths, maximum-minimum comparisons/exchanges formulae, nor a host of othe
r mathematically-related subjects, and all these are special to various fil
e-ordered types, but coming down to a practical level the idea of this series i
s to let you have a good idea of how the Sort works, and why and when you shou
ld choose one Sort over another to get the fastest results for the file-type
involved. I can give you loads of mathematics, but I'm pitching to a general
audience. Specialisation can come later if you want it. This is your magazi
ne, so let the Domain team know what you want regarding any aspect of it. S
ee you all in Part Three. BYE. -ordered types, but coming down to a practical
level the idea of this series is to let you have a good idea of how the Sort wo
o make all lines the same length. Microspacing will make all spaces on a line
the same length. This enhances the appearance of the printed text. Again, it
is a command that is useful in many documents. Observant readers may note th
at with all the facilities I've mentioned so far, I still haven't come onto m
ailmerging. What I've covered on their own make Promerge Plus worth buyin
g in my opinion. Next month I'll cover the mailmerging facilities. See you th
en. by John Fairlie You*T SPOTLIGHT *
B SPOTLIGHT There has, yet again, been an
enormous amount of new software added to the Domain PD lists, but this mon
th I am just going to concentrate on one or two as they are, in my opinion, am
ongst the best in the library. First up is SER4, containing an excellent ut
ility called Enhance on side A and loads of help files on Basic to help teach b
eginners how to program. Enhance was written by Geoff Short %N%%%%%%%%%, a
subscriber to CPC Domain, and is a utility to help you enhance your (9 pi
n) printer's output. Although I own a 24 pin myself, with a little tweaking h
ere and there, it's possible to get it to work on almost any setup you can th
ink of! The files that make up the program are the actual print enhancer
itself, a great little word processor to write your letter or whatever, a fo
nt designer to help you design fonts (well I never!) and loads of demos to pri
nt out, fonts to load and a massive help file to get you started. If you are
still confused as to what the program does, it takes a standard ASCII te
xt file with various print codes that the actual enhance program proces
ses. After being processed, the program will print out the file in love
ly flowing text, looking as if it came from an ink jet printer (if you have a
good ribbon that is). Whatever type of ribbon you own however, the output
from this brilliant piece of code is staggering. It's also much faster than
Protype from Arnor as the print head only passes over the writing a few tim
es as opposed to twelve!! The BASIC help files are a great help to any pers
on wishing to learn basic from scratch. Although a little common sense is
required to understand the instructions, just about any pleb could write
a simple program within hours of reading these files. Great stuff! Next o
n the agenda is ART8 & ART9 (both need to be ordered together). These disk
s are full of pictures ported over from a PC to a CPC and are of the very hi
ghest quality. The content of these disks are slightly pornographic, so you
must order by cheque to prove that you are old enough. Women may be interested
in one or two of the pictures, but it is more geared towards men (aren't th
ey always!) *T THE DOMAIN P.D. TOP 10 *B
THE DOMAIN P.D. TOP 10 For a second month running, the
top 10 is back, and hopefully, here to stay. As you will see, the top 10 is no
w completely different from last month!! Key "!" New Entry "+" Up "
-" Down "/" Same This Last Disk Quant. Month Month Title Order
ed 1 ! SER1 4 2 / CLP2 4 N.B. There are loads of
new entries this month, with 3 ! DEM8 4 SER1 going straight to
the number 1 slot. As you may 4 ! APP8 3 notice, the amount
of orders have also gone up quite 5 ! VAR6 3 a bit as well, wit
h a total of 77 orders this month, 6 ! CLP17 2 compared to onl
y 49 last month, ( including the ones 7 +1 SER2 2 which didn't m
ake the top 10 ). 8 ! VAR8 2 Who knows, we may reach the 100 m
ark soon! 9 ! GAM7 2 10 ! VAR1 2
THE DOMAIN P.D. TOP 10 For a second mon As you may 4 ! AP
P8 3 notice, the amount of orders have also gone up quite 5 !
VAR6 3 a bit VAR6 3 6 ! CLP17 2 7 +1 SER2
2 8 ! VAR8 2 9 ! GAM7 2 10 ! VAR1 2
N.B. There are loads of new entries this month, with SER1 going straight
to the number 1 slot. As you may notice, the amount of orders have also gon
e up quite a bit as well, with a total of 77 orders this month compared to o
nly 49 last month (including the ones which didn't make the top 10). Who k
nows, we may reach the 100 mark soon! second mon*T AMSTR
AD ACTION COVERTAPES TO DISC *B AMSTRAD ACTION COVERTAPES
TO DISC by Barrie Snell.
********* Tape 19. ********* Continuing on with my brilliant serie
s (that's not my opinion, it's yours) take the disc to which you've copied th
e tape. AA has improved this time, with no multi-loading games. I'll deal
with the LINK game first. This needs the file 3.bin and doesn't need the Men
u to run it, so we can use the same trick as we used for the City Slicker game
on Tape 18 last month. If you want to copy it to another disc, find one wit
h at least a spare 12k on it, then at the prompt in the progette below, c
hange discs. Of course, if you want to keep the Link game on the same disc,
just leave it in. O.K., reset the machine and put in the disc to which yo
u copied the tape and type and run this. There's no need to save it. 10 MEM
ORY &2fff LOAD "3.bin",&3000 E &N&&&&&&&&&RA,"3.bin" 20 PRINT "Put in anothe
r disc now, or leave" 30 PRINT "this one in then press any key" CALL &bb18
40 SAVE "Link.bin",b,&3000,&2c16,&3000 To run the game just RUN "Link".
----------------------------------- The only files left o
f interest are the Menu.bin and the 1.bin and 2.bin files for the 'On The Run
' game, which loads into low memory and needs to be run from the Menu. Seeing
as this Menu is now going to be used for one game only, a Basic loader isn't ne
cessary we can tailor the Menu.bin file directly. If you want to rename the 1
.bin and 2.bin files to some other numbers, decide on this before you run the p
rogram below and rename them in the usual manner BEFORE you run the program bel
ow. You can copy the new files to have "On The Run" on another disc with a s
pare 48k minimum. Do this from a 'clean machine'. 10 MEMORY &7fff LOAD "menu
.bin",&8000 20 POKE &8100,62 POKE &8101,1 POKE &8102,0 30 POKE &8735,1 POKE
&8743,2 REM Point to 1.bin and 2.bin. Alter to suit 40 ERA,"menu.bin" SAVE "r
unner",b,&8000,&7e1,&80ea After this, the Menu.bin has now been renamed to
"runner.bin" and tailored to automatically Load and Run the game. To set the g
ame away sinply RUN "runner". Do whatever you want with the rest of the files
because they can't be run from the original Menu anyway. See you all next m
onth. ES14 $$$ AMSTRAD ACTION COVERTAPES TO DISC
by Barrie Snell. r Harrison of Leicester offering
help on, as he says, almost anything to do with the CPC, so I phoned him an
d after I had explained my problem he said to isolate pin 14 on the key
board printer output port and everything should be OK, which I did and BING
O, I now have a printer that works properly, and after the trouble that I have
had, I could hardly believe that it was just so easy. I would also like t
o say, Thanks very much to all the people who contribute to providing a Firs-
ASCREADBASpttS2C"",w,F,9A" IS " "(,)" ASCII-READ - (C)1992 FRAGGLE AND DUCK
"(,),P,, (O) t2,,£"FILENAME (RETURN DIRECTORY, A/B DRIVE) ",""()u(,)"A""B""C"
,(u(,))A"OK."u(,)""( ,)" FILE "" "((),),P,,£#,()P8 C"" (B)"2C"",w,F,9A" IS NOT
ASCII""ERROR FOUND"F"..." dauert es ,,£"FILENAME (RETURN DIRECTORY, A/B DRIVE
) ",""()u(,)"A""B""C",(u(,))A"OK."u(,)""( ,)" FILE "" "(( RRaaaaaaahhh!!!M
ein CPC DOMAIN Abo wird trotz Schecks nicht ver- laengert! Grund obwohl d
as Teil weder vom Code noch vom Inhalt nichts besonders sind,ist das Teil
keine Freeware also laut den neuen Machern von CPC Domain nicht frei kopie
rbar.Jetzt kommt die Haerte da ich mich ja sehr fuer das internationale Zu
sammenwachsen der CPC Freax einsetzte,habe ich ihnen u.a. die neue CI und
die neue CPC Fast loader (zusammen mit massig Disx) geschickt.In beiden Ma
gs wird die CPC DOMAIN ja vorgestellt.Da ich ja,laut Simon Warford (der al
te Chef von CPC Domain - echt ok,der Mann!),der einzige deutsche Abonennt
von CPC Domain bin bzw. war ,wusste Barrie Nochmalwas (ich weiss den Nach-
namen gerade nicht) natuerlich sofoert,dass ich der boese Bube war,
der CPC Domain weiterkopiert hat.Als Simon noch der Chef war,durfte ich d
as Mag ohne weiteres kopieren,ja es war sogar erwuenscht.Jetzt habe ich CP
C Domain direkt und indirekt ermoeglicht,Kontakte zu duetchen Freax zu knu
epfen,ihnen massig Fanzines und PD geschickt und jetzt schreiben sie mir n
icht einmal einen Brief,dass sie es nicht OK finden,wenn ich ihr Mag kopie
re.Natuerlich haben sie sich auch nicht fuer das ganze Zeux bedankt (Simon
natuerlich schon).Zu Anfang war es PD Libraries ja nicht erlaubt Crown's
Crime zu verbreiten,aber ich habe Crown darum gebeten,es PD Library freund
licher zu machen (erste PD Lib die das Teil benutzen durfte war u 'N'''''
''''ebrigens Dartsma PD).Jetzt hat Crown ihnen sogar eine textentschaerfte
Version von Crime ge- schrieben.Ich werde Crown aber darum bitten,ihnen d
as recht Crime zu benutzen wenigstens vorlaeufig zu entziehen.Crown missve
rsteht da was (siehe Bad Mag),nicht CRTC ist der Lamer,die neuen Chefs von
CPC Domain sind die Oberlamer! JETZT BITTE ICH MEINE CONTACTS DARUM
CPC DOMAIN ZU SCHREIBEN UND ZU VERLANGEN,DASS DAS DISKMAG ZUMINDEST AUSSE
RHALB GB UND IRLANDS FREE- WARE WIRD.THANX! Ist doch'n Witz - Croco
Passion oder CPC Fastloader,beides vom Coding und der Informationen Spitze
nmags kosten keinen Pfennig,aber CPC Domain kostet 1.50 Pounds!Wenn ich da
s an Longshot und einigen Disk- mag Editors schreibe und ihnen CPC Domain
schicke lachen sie sich tot! Vielleicht werde ich sogar Longshot schreiben
und ihn darum bitten, CPC Domain bzw. der dazugehoerigen Domain PD zu ver
bieten weiterhin Logon System Demos weiterhin zu verkaufen (Logon System i
st die einzige Group,die die meisten Briten tatsaechlich kennen). RA
AAAAHHHHH - ICH REG' MICH DESWEGEN SO AUF,DASS ICH SOGAR SCHON DARAN GEDAC
HT HABE DEN CPC GANZ ZU VERLASSEN,FALLS SICH NIX TUT! Tja - undank ist der
Welt Lohn! Man koennte es auch etwas dramatischer Ausdruecken und sagen '
ich habe eine Schlange an meinem Busen ge- naehrt'.Naja,ich schreib denen
noch ganz hoeflich und diplomatisch, mal sehen ob's was nuetzt.
$ Hi Fraggle/Patrick !!! Thanx fo
r the nice soft ! The easy way of organising stamps is cooO AUF,DASS ICH S
OGAR SCHON DARAN GEDACHT HABE DEN CPC GANZ ZU VERLASSEN,FALLS SICH NIX TUT
! Tja - undank ist der Welt Lohn! Man koennte es auch etwas dramatischer
Ausdruecken und sagen 'ich habe eine Schlange an meinem Busen ge- nae
hrt'.Naja,ich schreib denen noch ganz hoeflich und diplomatisch, mal sehen
ob's was nuetzt. COPY6128BINBB/qyO 8yO! r N! y!!O
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ram terminated !!Copy another (Y/N) (C) J0RN LORENTZEN - DISCCOPY v3.
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anextra 64 kB RAM compatible with the 6128.Only DATA and SYSTEM formats are allo
wed. No checkings. A version running under 64 kB RAM machines is available. Itin
cludes an advanced tape/disc FILECOPY utility. Ask for v2. J0RN LORENTZEN SANDHO
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. The record option uses tape asboth input and output !!ASCII files are support
ed.2 DISCCOPYCopies a whole disc to disc.Non standard formats are takencare
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DISC+Output TAPE+Protection NO+Speed write 2000+Quick save YE
S+File/record FILESELECT OPTION! %D!u8a80 I !u/2! !O !u/2P !u2!(!S +!u2!2 ! h
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OFILEREC.Filename File type Location Length Entry Sync c
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F PROGRAM.JyC THIS WAS COPIED USING JLCS UTILITIESPress ENTER to copyC to Catalo
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&&4 OR A fla,breitiy(,i)()P,(((i))),,N,,N,i,,4t"Save page"t".PGE" ,
tflafla nam#,banne banne #,bannePi#,(i,)#,Tous droits réservés. Reproduction sans autorisation interdite. © Kukulcan